The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Cerinthus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 237 CERINTHUS. CONTINUING to pick our way back along this trace towards the times of the origins, we next come upon the circle of the Cerinthians (or the Merinthians, according to the variant of Epiphanius). They are said to derive...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Summary : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 518 SUMMARY OF THE FRAGMENTS OF THE BOOK OF THE GREAT LOGOS ACCORDING TO THE MYSTERY. The Book of the Gnoses of the Invisible God.THE first page is headed with the beautiful words: "I have loved you and longed to give you Life," and is...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. 'simon Magus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], "SIMON MAGUS." "SIMON MAGUS," as we have already said, is mentioned in the "Acts of the Apostles", a document of the New Testament collection, said not to be quoted prior to 177 A.D. Irenus and his successors repeat the "Acts" legend...
Bibliographies : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 608 BIBLIOGRAPHIES As nothing which may really be called a bibliography of the subject exists, I append an attempt at a preliminary contribution towards a full Bibliography of Gnosticism. Every work (and article) of importance is (I am...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Naasseni : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 198 THE NAASSENI. PRIOR to the section on Justinus, Hippolytus treats of three schools under the names Naasseni, Perat, and Sethians or Sithians. All three schools apparently belong to the same cycle, and the first two present features...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Docetae : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 217 THE DOCET. As previously remarked, the remains of the ancient bed of the stream of the Gnosis which we are endeavouring to survey, are so fragmentary, that nothing can be attempted, but a most imperfect outline, or rather a series...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Some Outlines : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], SOME OUTLINES OF ONOLOGY. IN order to elevate our thought to a contemplation of the transcendent problems towards which the Towards the Great Silence. mind of these Gnostics was carried, we should refresh our memory with the sketch...
Some Traces Of The Gnosis In The Uncanonical. Part 04 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], FROM THE ACTS OF JOHN. A Recently Published Fragment.IN a recent volume of that most valuable series Texts and Studies ("Apocrypha Anecdota II.", by M. R. James, 1897), there is a long fragment of "The Acts of John", much of which h...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Marcion : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], MARCION. MARCION was a rich shipowner of Sinop, the chief port of Pontus, on the southern shore of the Black Sea; he was also a bishop and the son of a bishop. His chief activity at Rome may be placed somewhere between the years 150...
Afterword : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 604 O Light of God, adorable! we worship Thee, that Thou may'st pour Thy light into our minds! Based on the Gyatr. p. 605 AFTERWORD READER, if you have read so far, you may have journeyed with me or have been taken by some other way;...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Saturninus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], SATURNINUS. SATURNINUS, or more correctly Satornilus, is generally regarded as the founder of the Syrian Gnosis, but The Chain of Teachers. there is every reason to suppose that Gnosticism was widespread in Syria prior to his time. Just...
Some Traces Of The Gnosis In The Uncanonical. Part 05 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 419 FROM THE ACTS OF THOMAS. WE have already given the reader the most important fragment preserved in the "Acts of Thomas", or Judas A Hymn to Wisdom. Thomas; it is the beautiful Hymn of the Soul, composed in every likelihood by...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Carpocratians : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], THE CARPOCRATIANS. OUR main source of information is Irenus; Tertullian, Hippolytus and Epiphanius simply copy their predecessor. Carpocrates, or Carpocras, was (according to Eusebius) a Platonic philosopher who taught at Alexandri...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Some Gnostic : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 156 Oh that mine adversary had written a book! "Job" (according to the Authorised Version). p. 157 SOME GNOSTIC FRAGMENTS RECOVERED FROM THE POLEMICAL WRITINGS OF THE CHURCH FATHERS WE shall now proceed to introduce the reader...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Valentinus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 294 VALENTINUS. Biography.As to his biography, we know next to nothing. Valentinus was an Egyptian, educated at Alexandria in all that Egypt and Greece had to teach him. The mysterious lore of ancient Khem, the "mathsis" of Pythag...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. An Early : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], AN EARLY "OPHITE" SYSTEM. HIPPOLYTUS devotes the fifth book of his Refutation to the "Ophites," who, however, all call themselves Justinus. followers of the Gnosis, and not "Ophites," as explained above; he seems to regard them...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The 'simonians : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], THE "SIMONIANS." The Origin of the Name.THERE is no reason to suppose that the Gnostics whom the Church Fathers call "Simonians" would have themselves answered to the name, or have recognized the line of descent imagined for them by their...
General And Gnostic Christianity. The Ebionites : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 126 THE EBIONITES. The Nazorans.Epiphanius would have it that the Christians were first called Iessi, and says they are mentioned under this name in the writings of Philo. The followers of the earliest converts of Jesus are also said...
Some Traces Of The Gnosis In The Uncanonical : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 415 SOME TRACES OF THE GNOSIS IN THE UNCANONICAL ACTS FOREWORD. JUST as there existed, prior to and alongside of the canonical Gospels, many other settings of the Sayings The Gnostic Acts. and Doings of the Lord, so there existed...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], ALEXANDRIA. The rough outlines of the background of the Gnosis which we have endeavoured to sketch, are of necessity of the vaguest, for each of the many p. 96 subjects touched upon is deserving of a volume or several volumes. Our...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Nicolaus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 239 NICOLAUS. "Which things I hate."WE have now got back to such early times that even the faintest glimmer of historical light fails us; we which are deep down in the sombre region of legend and things I hate. speculation. We will...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Dositheus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 162 DOSITHEUS. A Follower of John the Baptist.The legendary background of the Pseudo-Clementine polemic informs us that the precursor of "Simon Magus" was a certain Dositheus. He is mentioned in the lists of the earliest hresiologists...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Selections : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 547 SELECTIONS FROM THE UNTITLED APOCALYPSE OF THE CODEX BRUCIANUS. THE beginning is lost, and the leaves that are left us plunge into the midst of a description of the supernal beings and spaces as follows: "He [the God beyond Being]...
Illustrations : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. xxvii ILLUSTRATIONS Tetramorph (Anthropos symbol) standing on two wheels, symbol of the Old and New Testaments. "From the Vatopedi Monastery, Mt. Athos. 13th century". Figure 1 The "union of irreconcilables," marriage of water and fire...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Apelles : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 250 APELLES. His Wide Tolerance.WE owe our most reliable information on this Gnostic to a certain Rhodon, who opposed his views some time in the reign of Commodus (180-193 A.D.); an excerpt from this lost "refutation" has fortunately...
Some Traces Of The Gnosis In The Uncanonical. Part 03 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 445 FROM THE ACTS OF ANDREW. FROM "The Acts of Andrew" the following Address Address to the Cross. to the Cross is of great interest, when compared with what has been already quoted from "The Acts of John" and with the rest...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The 'ophites : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 181 THE "OPHITES." THE task we have now to attempt is by far the most difficult which can be undertaken by the student The Obscurity of the Subject. of Patristic Gnosticism. When we have the name of an individual teacher to guide us...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Valentini : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], THE VALENTINIAN MOVEMENT. The "Great Unknown" of Gnosticism.BEHIND the whole Valentinian movement stands the commanding and mysterious figure of Valentinus himself, universally acknowledged to have been the greatest of the Gnostics. His...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Hymn : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 406 THE HYMN OF THE ROBE OF GLORY. When I was a little child. And dwelling in my kingdom, in my Father's house, And in the wealth and the glories Of my nurturers had my pleasure, From the East, 1 our home, My parents, having equipped...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background. Part 03 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 66 PHILO ON THE CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE. "As I have already treated of Essans who the assiduously practise the [religious] life of action, The Essans. carrying it out in all, or, not to speak too presumptuously, in most of its degrees, I...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. 'epiphanes : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], "EPIPHANES." WE next pass on to the contradictory and manifestly absurd legends, which Patristic writers have woven round the second best-known name of the Carpocratian circle. We have already referred to the extraordinary blunder...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Ptolemy : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 383 PTOLEMY. OF the life of Ptolemy, one of the oldest pupils of Valentinus, we know absolutely nothing.. It was through some of the pupils of Ptolemy mainly that Irenus (I. i.-viii.) become acquainted with a rough outline of some...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. V. A Few : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], V. A Few Sentences Preserved In The Controversial Matter Of Clement Following The Above Quotation, And Probably Taken From A Writing Of Valentinus. The "elect race," the third Sonship of Basilides, has incarnated here for the aboliti...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Iv : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], IV. FROM A HOMILY. "From the very beginning have ye been immortal and children of life--such life as the ons enjoy;Ye are the Sons of God. yet would ye have death shared up among you, to spend and lavish it, so that death might die in you...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background. Part 05 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], GREECE. IF we turn to the Greece of the sixth century prior The Greece of 600 B.C. to our era, we can perceive the signs of the birth of a new spirit in the Western world, the beginning of a great intellectual activity; it is, so to speak...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Summary. Part 02 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 507 SUMMARY OF THE EXTRACTS FROM THE BOOKS OF THE SAVIOUR. THE first extract occurs on pp. 252-254 of the Askew Codex, and runs as follows: "And they that are worthy of the mysteries which lie in the Ineffable, that is to say, those...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Basilidi : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 253 THE BASILIDIAN GNOSIS. LET us now return to the early years of the second century, and devote our attention to Basilides and his Writings. Basilides and his followers ("them of Basilides") who elaborated one of the most abstruse...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. An Anonymous : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], AN ANONYMOUS SYSTEM FROM IRENUS. The Spiritual Creation.IN the Unutterable Depth were two Great Lights, the First Man, or Father, and his Son, the Second Man; and also the Holy Spirit, the First Woman, or Mother of all living. Below this...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Menander : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 175 MENANDER. ONE of the teachers of the "Simonian" Gnosis who was singled out by Justin for special mention, because His Date. of his having led "many" away, even as Marcion was gaining an enormous following in Justin's own time, is...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. I. From A Letter : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], I. From A Letter. "And just as terror of that creature ["lit"., plasm] seized hold of the angels [the fabricative powers], Concerning the Creation of the First Race of Mankind. when it gave voice to things greater than had been used...
Untitled : * This is one of the best books about the Gnostics written prior to the Nag Hammadi discoveries. G.R.S. Mead, who also translated the Pistis Sophia, summarizes what was known about the Gnostics at the turn of the 20th century. At that time, a better picture of the Gnostics was emerging, based...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Ix. From A Psalm : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 307 Ix. From A Psalm. Finally from the same source, "The Philosophumena", we recover the following lines; it is The Chain of Being. probable that Hippolytus took them from the same treatise from which he derived the above informati...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Viii : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], Viii. The Myth Which Valentinus Made. Hippolytus (II.) inserts the following scrap of information in the midst of the lengthy description of the system of Marcus, which he copied from Irenus: The Wisdom of the "Little One."Valentinus says...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Summary. Part 03 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 459 SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SO-CALLED PISTIS SOPHIA TREATISE. THE treatise begins by informing us that Jesus, after rising from the dead, had spent eleven years The Teaching of the Eleven years. with His disciples, instructing...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Part 02 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 452 "Sempiterna Lux! Nec divitias nec honores peto; me modo Divin Lucis radio illumines!" From "An Essay of Transmigration in Defence of Pythagoras" (London, 1692). p. 453 SOME GREEK ORIGINAL WORKS IN COPTIC TRANSLATION THE ASKEW...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Bardesanes : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], BARDESANES. Biography.WE will now treat of Bardesanes, "the last of the Gnostics," as Hilgenfeld calls him, and so bring to an end these rough sketches of the Christian theosophists, which we have endeavoured to reconstruct...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background. Part 04 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], EGYPT. LET us now turn to Egypt and cast a glance on the vista which has to be surveyed, before the outlines of this part of the background of the Gnosis can be filled in. In spite of her reserve and immeasurable contempt for the upstart...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Number : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 358 THE NUMBER-SYMBOLISM OF MARCUS. A LONG section in Irenus is our almost exclusive source for a knowledge of Marcus and his followers. Sources. Hippolytus and Epiphanius simply copy Irenus and add nothing but new terms...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Hippolytus' : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], HIPPOLYTUS' ACCOUNT OF ONE OF THE VARIANTS OF THE SOPHIA-MYTHUS. "VALENTINUS and Heracleon and Ptolemus and the entire school of these [Gnostics], disciples of Pythagoras and Plato and following their guidance, laid down the 'arithmetical...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Heracleon : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 391 HERACLEN. OF the life of Heracleon, whom Clement of Alexandria ("Strom"., iv. 9) calls the "most esteemed of the His Commentary on the Fourth Gospel. school of Valentinus," we again know nothing except that he wrote certain Memoirs...
Title Page : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], FRAGMENTS OF A FAITH FORGOTTEN BY GEORGE ROBERT STOW MEAD SOME SHORT SKETCHES AMONG THE GNOSTICS, MAINLY OF THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES : A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CHRISTIAN ORIGINS BASED ON THE MOST RECENTLY RECOVERED MATERIALS...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background. Part 02 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], JEWRY. THE third stream which poured into the matrix of the Christian origins, was that of Jewry. Even The Influence of Babylon. before the Exile the undisciplined tribes composing this peculiar nation had had their "Schools...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Cerdo : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], CERDO. The Master of Marcion.LET us now return to the historical twilight of the second century, and turn our attention to the great Basilidian and Valentinian developments. But before doing so, it will be convenient to give a brief...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Notes : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 567 NOTES ON THE CONTENTS OF THE BRUCE AND ASKEW CODICES. THE attentive reader will have already perceived that the contents of the "Pistis Sophia" treatise, of the The Kinship of the Titled Treatises. "Extracts from The Books...
General And Gnostic Christianity. The Essenes : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 131 THE ESSENES. BASING themselves on the Sayings preserved in the canonical Gospels and on the description of the communities given in the "Acts", many have supposed that Jesus was a member of or intimately acquainted with...
Some Rough Outlines Of The Background. Part 06 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 29 SOME ROUGH OUTLINES OF THE BACKGROUND OF THE GNOSIS PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. THE familiar story of the origins of Christianity which we have all drunk in as it were with our The Greatest Story in the World. mothers' milk, may be...
General And Gnostic Christianity. The Tendencies : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], THE TENDENCIES OF GNOSTICISM. The "Secularizing" of Christianity.BUT here again accurate historical data are out of the question, and we have for the most part to deal with what the Germans call "Tendenz"." Harnack speaks of the tendency...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Ii : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], Ii. From A Letter. On the Pure in Heart."One [alone] is Good, whose free utterance is His manifestation through his Son; it is by Him alone that the heart can become pure, [and that too only] when every evil essence has been expelled out...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Peratae : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], THE PERAT. The Source of their Tradition.HIPPOLYTUS says that the mysteries symbolized by the serpent are at the root of all Gnosticism; and though the Church Father himself has not any idea what these mysteries really are, as is amply...
General And Gnostic Christianity. The Evoluti : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 121 GENERAL AND GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY THE EVOLUTION OF CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY. THE historical origins of Christianity are hidden in impenetrable obscurity. Of the actual history of The Canon. the first half of the first century we have...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Vii : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], Vii. A Very Doubtful Fragment From Eulogius Of Alexandria Writing At The End Of The Sixth Century. The Galileans.If this fragment can be accepted as genuine, we learn that the early Christians, whom Valentinus calls "the Galileans...
Some Traces Of The Gnosis In The Uncanonical. Part 02 : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], FROM THE TRAVELS OF PETER. To the above may be added the final speech put into the mouth of Peter, in the romance of his Travels, or Circuits (Tours). It is found in the fragment of the Linus-collection, called "The Martyrdom of Peter"...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 579 THE AKHMM CODEX. WE have now to lay before our readers what little information is at present available with regard to the latest find in Gnosticism. Ten years ago, Dr. Carl Schmidt informed me that he had hopes of bringing out...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The So : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 224 THE SO-CALLED CAINITES. The Obscurity of the Subject.BEFORE returning again towards the time of the origins along another line of tradition, of which one or two obscure indications still remain--the Carpocrates-Cerinthus trace--we...
The Gnosis According To Its Friends. Some : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 593 SOME FORGOTTEN SAYINGS. IN the early centuries of Christianity there were in circulation many traditions, legends, and religious romances, called Memoirs, Acts, and Gospels, which contained Sayings-of-the-Lord or Logoi. These Logoi...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. The Sethians : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 213 THE SETHIANS. CLOSELY connected with the Gnostics above described are the Sethians, to whom Hippolytus next devotes Seth. his attention. He speaks of their "innumerable commentaries," and refers his readers especially to a cert...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Vi : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], Vi. From The Letter On The Community Of Friends. Concerning the People of the Beloved."Many of these things which are written in the public volumes, are found written in the Church of God. For those teachings which are common, are...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Iii : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], Iii. From The Letter To Agathpus. Concerning the One of the Powers of the Perfect man.The "free utterance," or perfect expression, of the Alone Good can only be manifested by the man made perfect. Such a man was Jesus. Thus we find...
General And Gnostic Christianity. The Literature : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 143 THE LITERATURE AND SOURCES OF GNOSTICISM. THE study of Gnosticism has so far been almost entirely confined to specialists, whose works cannot be understanded of the people; the ordinary reader is deterred by the wealth of detail...
Introduction. Prolegomena : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 2 The whole creation groaneth and travaileth together waiting for the manifestation of the Sons of God. PAUL (according to Gnostic tradition.) p. 3 PROLEGOMENA MYSTERIOUS Time is once more big with child and labouring to bring forth...
The Gnosis According To Its Foes. Monoimus : * "Fragments of a Faith Forgotten", by G.R.S. Mead, [1900], p. 222 MONOMUS. HIPPOLYTUS devotes his next section to a certain Monomus, who is only mentioned by one other hresiologist, namely Theodoret, in a brief paragraph. Monomus was an Arabian and lived somewhere in the latter half of the second...