Next. 38. As In The Case Of The Organs : 38. If you say, as in the case of the organs; we deny this, on account of enjoyment and so on. It may possibly be said that, in the same way as the enjoying (individual) soul, although in itself without a body, is seen to rule the sense-organs, the body, and so on, the great Lord also, although...
4. Conductors, This Being Indicated. Part 1 : 4. Conductors, this being indicated. The decision here is that light, Vyu, and the rest mentioned in the texts as connected with the soul's progress on the path of the Gods are to be interpreted not as mere marks indicating the road, nor as places of enjoyment for the soul, but as divinities...
Next. 43. On Account Of The Plurality : 43. On account of the plurality of indicatory marks; for that (proof) is stronger. This also is declared (in the Prva Mmms). The Taittiryaka contains another daharavidy, 'The thousand-headed god, the all-eyed one,' &c. (Mahnr. Up. XI). Here the doubt arises whether this vidy, as being one with...
Next. 22. And On Account Of The Words Denoting : 22. And on account of the words denoting becoming. That the texts under discussion have an injunctive purport also follows from the fact that they contain verbal forms denoting becoming or origination--'he is to meditate' and the like; for all such forms have injunctive force. All these texts...
Next. 13. Thereby Also The Remaining Theories : 13. Thereby also the remaining (theories) which are not comprised (within the Veda) are explained. Not comprised means those theories which are not known to be comprised within (countenanced by) the Veda. The Stra means to say that by the demolition given above of the Snkhya doctrine which is not...
Next. 15. The Non Difference Of The World : 15. The non-difference (of the world) from that (viz. Brahman) follows from what begins with the word rambhana. Under II, 1, 7 and other Stras the non-difference of the effect, i.e. the world from the cause, i.e. Brahman was assumed, and it was on this basis that the proof of Brahman being...
Next. 37. For One And The Same Highest Divinity : 37. For one and the same (highest divinity), called the 'truly being,' and so on (is the subject of that meditation). For the highest divinity, called there "that which is"-- p. 659 which was introduced in the clause 'that divinity thought,' &c.--is intimated by all the following sections of th...
Next. 16. On Account Of Scriptural Statement : 16. On account of scriptural statement of difference, and on account of difference of characteristics. Texts such as 'from him is born pr"n"a, and the internal organ, and all organs' (Mu. Up. II, 1, 3) mention the vital breath separately from the organs, and this shows that the breath is not one...
Next. 11. Water From Fire : 11. Water (from fire). Water also originates 'thence,' i. e from fire; for so the texts declare 'From fire water' (Taitt. Up. II, 1, 1); 'that sent forth water' ("Kh". Up. VI, 2, 3).
Next. 15. And As There Are Objections : 15. And as there are objections in both cases. A difficulty arises not only on the view of the atoms having colour and other sensible qualities, but also on the view of their being destitute of those qualities. For as the qualities of effected things depend on the qualities of their causes, earth...
Next. 44. There Is Option With Regard : 44. There is option with regard to what precedes (i.e. the altar made of bricks) on account of subject-matter, and hence there is action; as in the case of the mnasa cup. In the V"g"asaneyaka, in the Agnirahasya chapter, there are references to certain altars built of mind, 'built of mind, built...
Next. 14. And On Account Of The Atoms Having : 14. And on account of (the atoms) having colour and so on, the reverse (takes place); as it is observed. From the view that the atoms of four kinds--viz. of earth or water or fire or air--possess colour, taste, smell, and touch, it would follow that the atoms are non-eternal, gross, and made up...
Next. 17. If It Be Said 'on Account Of Connexion : 17. If it be said 'on account of connexion'; it may be so, on account of ascertainment. But as in the preceding sections the term Self is seen to be connected with what is not of the nature of the Self, such as the Self of breath, and so on, it is not possible to draw a valid conclusi...
Next. 4. Not In The Symbol : 4. Not in the symbol; for (the symbol) is not that one (i.e. the Self of the Devotee). 'Let a man meditate on mind as Brahman ' ("Kh". Up. III, 18, 1); 'He who meditates on name as Brahman' ("Kh". Up. VII, l5)--with regard to these and similar meditations on outward symbols (pratka) of Brahm...
Next. 11. Also In Consequence Of The Ill : 11. Also in consequence of the ill-foundedness of reasoning. The theory, resting on Scripture, of Brahman being the universal cause must be accepted, and the theory of the Pradhna must be abandoned, because all (mere) reasoning is ill-founded. This latter point is proved by the fact th...
24. And On Account Of The Descripti : 24. And on account of the description of its form. 'Fire is his head, his eyes the sun and the moon, the regions his ears, his speech the Vedas disclosed, the wind his breath, his heart the universe; from his feet came the earth; he is indeed the inner Self of all things' (II, 1, 4)--the outward...
Next. 32. Brahman Is Not The Cause. On Account : 32. (Brahman is) not (the cause); on account of (the world) having the nature of what depends on a motive. Although the Lord, who before creation is alone, is endowed with all kinds of powers since he differs in nature p. 477 from all other beings, and hence is by himself capable of creating...
Next. 5. Should It Be Said, On Account : 5. Should it be said, on account of absence of mention in the first (reply); we say no, for just that (is meant), on the ground of fitness. An objection is raised to the conclusion arrived at under III, 1, 1; on the ground that in the first oblation, described in "Kh". Up. V, 4, 2, as being made...
Next. 33. The Soul Is An Agent : 33. (The soul is) an agent, on account of Scripture (thus) having a purport. It has been shown that the individual Self is a knowing subject and atomic. Now the question arises whether that Self is an agent or, being itself non-active, erroneously ascribes to itself the activity...
Next. 20. And Those Two Paths Are. To Be : 20. And those two (paths) are, with a view to the Yogins, mentioned as to be remembered. The text quoted does not state an injunction for those about to die, of a special time of death; but there are rather mentioned in it those two matters belonging to Sm"ri"ti and therefore to be remembered, viz...
Next. 15. And On Account Of The Term 'self : 15. And on account of the term 'Self.' That this is so further follows from the fact that in the clause 'different from this is the inner Self consisting of bliss' the term 'Self is used. For as the Self cannot really possess a head, wings, and tail, its having joy for its head, and so on, c...
Next. 22. And On Account Of The Declarati : 22. And on account of the declaration of difference (the highest Self is) other (than the individual souls of the sun, &c.). There are texts which clearly state that the highest p. 242 [paragraph continues] Self is different from ditya and the other individual souls: 'He who, dwelling with...
Next. 45. But As In The Case Of Light : 45. But as in the case of light and so on. Not so is the highest. The 'but' discards the objection. 'Like light and so on.' The individual soul is a part of the highest Self; as the light issuing from a luminous thing such as fire or the sun is a part of that body; or as the generic...
Next. 32. There Would Result Permanent Consciousness : 32. There would result permanent consciousness or non-consciousness, or else limitative restriction to either. On the other view, i.e. on the view of the Self being omnipresent and mere knowledge, it would follow either that consciousness and also non-consciousness would permanently take place...
13. On The Attainment Of This, There Result. Part 02 : 13. On the attainment of this, there result the non-clinging and the destruction of later and earlier sins; this being declared. Having, so far, elucidated the nature of meditation, the Stras now begin to consider the result of meditation. Scripture declares that on the knowledge of Brahman being...
Next. 12. And Because Scripture Declares It : 12. And because Scripture declares it. And Scripture moreover directly declares that the soul which has departed by way of the artery in the upper part of the head and passed along the path of the Gods reaches the highest Brahman: 'This serene being having risen from the body, having reached...
Next. 28. Or Else In The Manner Stated Above : 28. Or else in the manner stated above. The "but" sets aside the two preceding alternatives. One substance may indeed connect itself with several states, but the former of the two alternatives implies that Brahman itself constitutes the essential nature of non-sentient matter, and thus there is no...
Next. 9. And It Is Objectionable On Account : p. 492 9. And (it is) objectionable on account of the contradictions. The Snkhya-system, moreover, labours from many internal contradictions.--The Snkhyas hold that while Prak"ri"ti is for the sake of another and the object of knowledge and fruition, the soul is independent, an enjoying...
Next. 9. And On Account Of The Contradicti : 9. And on account of the contradiction of the initial statement. The Pradhna's being the cause of the world would imply a contradiction of the initial statement, viz. that through the knowledge of one thing all things are to be known. Now, on the principle of the non-difference of cause and effect...
Next. 20. On Account Of Connexion, Thus Elsewhere : 20. On account of connexion, thus elsewhere also. In the B"ri"had-ra"n"yaka (V, 5) it is said that Brahman is to be meditated upon as abiding within the orb of the sun and within the right eye; and then the text mentions two secret names of Brahman--"aham" and "ahar". Here the Prvapakshin holds...
Next. 30. If It Be Said That Brahman Is Not : p. 251 30. If it be said that (Brahman is) not (denoted) on account of the speaker denoting himself; (we say, not so), because the multitude of connexions with the inner Self (is possible only) in that (speaker if viewed as Brahman). An objection is raised.--That the being introduced as Indr...
Next. 33. But The Conceptions Of The Imperishable : 33. But the conceptions of the Imperishable are to be comprised (in all meditations). There being equality (of the Brahman to be meditated on) and (those conceptions) existing (in Brahman); as in the case of what belongs to the upasad. This has been explained. p. 653 We read...
27. And Thus Also, Because Thus Only. Part 02 : 27. And thus also, because (thus only) the designation of the beings, and so on, being the (four) feet is possible. The text, moreover, designates the Gyatr as having four feet, after having referred to the beings, the earth, the body, and the heart; now this has a sense only if it is Brahm...
Next. Third Pada. 1. On The Path Beginning : p. 744 THIRD PDA. 1. On the path beginning with light, that being known. The Stras now go on to determine the road which the soul of the wise man follows, after having--assisted by the Person within the heart--passed out of the body by way of one particular artery. Now of that road various...
Next. 39. And As The Carpenter, In Both Ways : 39. And as the carpenter, in both ways. The Self, although always provided with the instruments of action, such as the organ of speech, and so on, acts when it wishes to do so, and does not act when it does not wish to do so. Just as a carpenter, although having his axe and other implements ready...
Next. 5. On Account Of The Difference Of Words : 5. On account of the difference of words. The clause 'That is the Self of me, within the heart' designates the embodied soul by means of a genitive form, while the object of meditation is exhibited in the nominative case. Similarly, a text of the V"g"asaneyins, which treats of the same topic...
Next. The Vedantin Aiming To Ascert : p. 148 The Vedntin Aiming To Ascertain The Nature Of Brahman From Scripture, Need Not Be Disconcerted By The Mm"m"s-theory Of All Speech Having Informing Power With Regard To Actions Only. Here another prim facie view 1 finally presents itself. The power of words to denote things cannot be...
Next. 12. And On Account Of Distinctive Qualities : 12. And on account of distinctive qualities. Everywhere in that section we meet with statements of distinctive attributes of the two Selfs, the highest Self p. 269 being represented as the object of meditation and attainment, and the individual Self as the meditating and attaining subject...
Next. 9. And The Subtle Body Persists : 9. And the subtle (body persists), on account of p. 733 a means of knowledge, it being thus observed (in Scripture). The bondage of him who knows is not, at that stage, dissolved, for this reason also that the subtle body continues to persist.--How is this known?--Through a means of knowledge, viz...
Next. 24. But With Reference To The Heart : 24. But with reference to the heart, men being qualified. In so far as the highest Self abides, for the purpose of devout meditation, in the heart of the devotee--which heart is of the measure of a thumb--it may itself be viewed as having the measure of a thumb. The individual soul also can be...
Next. 14. For Meditation, Owing To The Absence : 14. For meditation, owing to the absence of purpose. As no other purpose can be assigned, the text must be supposed to represent Brahman as having joy for its head, and so on, for the purpose of meditation. In order to accomplish the meditation on Brahman which is enjoined in the text 'he who...
Next. 14. When There Is A Body, : 14. When there is a body, as in the waking state. When, on the other hand,the released soul possesses a body created by its own will, then it enjoys its various delights in the same way as a waking man does.--In the same way as the highest Person creates out of himself, for his own delight...
Next. 23. And In The Case Of Space Also : 23. And in the case of space also, on account of there being no difference. In order to prove the permanency of external and internal things, we have disproved the view that the two forms of destruction called pratisankhy and apratisankhy mean reduction of an existing thing to nothing. This gives...
Next. The Great Purvapaksha : p. 20 THE GREAT PRVAPAKSHA. THE ONLY REALITY IS BRAHMAN. Brahman, which is pure intelligence and opposed to all difference, constitutes the only reality; and everything else, i.e. the plurality of manifold knowing subjects, objects of knowledge, and acts of knowledge depending on those two, is...
Next. 10. Fire Is Produced Thence : 10. Fire (is produced) thence, for thus Scripture declares. It has been stated that everything different from Brahman is the effect of Brahman. The doubt now arises whether the more remote effects of Brahman originate, each of them, only from that substance which is their immediately antecedent...
Next. 5. The Intelligent Self Is Meant : 5. Should it be said that (the text) declares (it); we say, not so; for the intelligent Self (is meant), on account of subject-matter. 'He who has meditated on that which is without sound, without touch, without form, without decay, without taste, eternal, without smell, without beginning, without...
Next. 24. This Follows Also From The Textual : 24. This follows also from the textual connexion (of those stories with injunctions). That those stories subserve injunctions of meditation is proved thereby also that they are exhibited in textual connexion with injunctions such as 'the Self is to be seen,' and so on. Their position therefore is...
Next. 4. In Non Division. Because That Is Seen : 4. In non-division; because that is seen. Is the soul, when it has reached the highest light and freed itself from all bondage, conscious of itself as separate from the highest Self or as non-separate in so far as being a mere 'mode' (prakra) of that Self?--The former view is the right one...
Next. 7. Or It Is Metaphorical, On Account : 7. Or it is metaphorical, on account of their not knowing the Self. For thus Scripture declares. He who performs sacrifices, and so on, and thus does not know the Self, is here below and in yonder world a mere p. 589 means of enjoyment for the devas. He serves them here, by propitiating them with...
Next. 28. As It Is Desired. On Account : 28. As it is desired; on account of there being no contradiction of either. The time when good and evil deeds are left behind thus having been determined on the basis of the reason of the thing, the several words of the passages must be construed as it is desired, i.e. so as not to contradict...
Next. 6. 'on Account Of This Not Being Stated : 6. 'On account of this not being stated by Scripture'; not so, on account of those who perform sacrifices and so on being understood. But, a further objection is raised, in the whole section under discussion no mention at all is made of the soul; the section cannot therefore prove that the soul...
Next. 2. And Because The Qualities Meant : 2. And because the qualities meant to be stated are possible (in Brahman). The qualities about to be stated can belong to the highest Self only. 'Made of mind, having breath for its body,' &c. 'Made of mind' means to be apprehended by a purified mind only. The highest Self can be apprehended only...
Next. 16. And As It Is Not Accepted, It Is : p. 500 16. And as it is not accepted, it is altogether disregarded. Kapila's doctrine, although to be rejected on account of it's being in conflict with Scripture and sound reasoning, yet recommends itself to the adherents of the Veda on some accounts--as e.g. its view of the existence...
Next. 7. Thus Also, On Account Of Existence : 7. Thus also, on account of existence of the former qualities (as proved) by suggestion, Bdaraya"n"a holds absence of contradiction. The teacher Bdarya"n"a is of opinion that even thus, i.e. although the text declares the soul to have mere intelligence for its essential nature, all the same...
Next. 15. And Scripture Declares The Difference : p. 754 15. And Scripture declares the difference. The text, 'He who meditates on name as Brahman, for him there is movement as he wishes as far as name extends,' &c. ("Kh". Up. VII, 1 ff.), declares that those who meditate on the series of symbols beginning with name and ending with pr"n"a att...
Next. 27. Should It Be Said That It Is Not : 27. Should it be said that it is not so, on account of the word, we say, no; on account of meditation being taught thus, on account of impossibility; and because they read of him as person. An objection is raised. Vai"s"vnara cannot be ascertained to be the highest Self, because, on the account...
Next. 29. Prana Is Brahman : 29. Pr"n"a is Brahman, on account of connexion. We read in the Pratardana-vidy in the Kaushtaki-brhma"n"a that 'Pratardana, the son of Divodsa, came, by fighting and strength, to the beloved abode of Indra.' Being asked by Indra to choose a boon he requests the God to bestow on him that boon which...
Next. 22. On Account Of Brahman's Abiding : 22. On account of (Brahman's) abiding (within the individual soul); thus K"s"ak"ri"tsna (holds). p. 393 We must object likewise to the view set forth in the preceding Stra, viz. that Brahman is denoted by terms denoting the individual soul because that soul when departing becomes one with Brahm...
Next. 20. There Not Being A Cause, There : 20. There not being (a cause), there results contradiction of the admitted principle; otherwise simultaneousness. If it be said that the effect may originate even when a cause does not exist, then--as we have pointed out before--anything might originate anywhere and at any time. And not only would...
Next. 33. Moreover, They Record Him In That : 33. Moreover, they record him in that. They (i.e. the V"g"asaneyins) speak of him, viz. Vai"s"vnara who has heaven for his head, &c.--i.e. the highest Self--as within that, i.e. the body of the devotee, so as to form the abode of the oblation to Pr"n"a; viz. in the text,'Of that Vai"s"vnara Self...
Next. 49. Not So, On Account Of This Being : 49. Not so, on account of this being observed on account of similarity also; as in the case of Death; for (the person in yonder orb) does not occupy the worlds (of Death). From a transfer or assimilation of this kind it does not necessarily follow that things of different operation are equal...
Next. Scripture Does Not Teach That Release : Scripture Does Not Teach That Release Is Due To The Knowledge Of A Non-qualified Brahman.--the Meaning Of 'tat Tvam Asi.' Nor can we admit the assertion that Scripture teaches the cessation of avidy to spring only from the cognition of a Brahman devoid of all difference. Such a view is clearly...
Next. The Great Siddhanta : THE GREAT SIDDHNTA. This entire theory rests on a fictitious foundation of altogether hollow and vicious arguments, incapable of being stated in definite logical alternatives, and devised by men who are destitute of those particular qualities which cause individuals to be chosen by the Supreme...
Next. 3. On Account Of Speech Having : 3. On account of speech having for its antecedent that. For the following reason also the word 'pr"n"a,' in the text quoted, can denote Brahman only. Speech, i.e. the names which have for their object all things apart from Brahman, presupposes the existence of the entire universe of things--ether...
Next. 19. And Like A Piece Of Cloth : 19. And like a piece of cloth. As threads when joined in a peculiar cross-arrangement are called a piece of cloth, thus acquiring a new name, a new form, and new functions, so it is with Brahman also.
Next. 31. As To Non Proceeding According To Liking : 31. And hence also a scriptural passage as to non-proceeding according to liking. The above conclusion is further confirmed by a scriptural passage prohibiting licence of conduct on the part of any one. The text meant is a passage in the Sa"m"hit of the Ka"th"as, 'Therefore a Brahmawa does not...
Next. 15. But The Order Of Succession : 15. But the order of succession (which is stated) in reverse order (of the true one) is possible, (only p. 538 if the origination of all effects is) thence (i.e. from Brahman). The 'but' has an asseverative sense. The direct origination from Brahman of all effects--which in passages such...
Next. 6. Not With One : 6. Not with one; for both declare this. Not with one; because each element by itself is incapable of producing an effect. Such incapability is declared by Scripture and tradition alike. The text 'Having entered these beings with this "g"va soul let me reveal names and forms--let me make each...
Next. 15. Non Division : 15. Non-division, according to statement. Is this union with the highest Self to be understood as ordinary 'merging,' i.e. a return on the part of the effected thing into the condition of the cause (as when the jar is reduced to the condition of a lump of clay), or as absolute non-divisi...
Next. 2. If It Be Said Like Milk Or Water : 2. If it be said--like milk or water; there also (intelligence guides). What has been said--the Snkhya rejoins--as to the impossibility of the Pradhna not guided by an intelligent principle constructing this variously constituted world, is unfounded; for the Pradhna may be supposed to act...
Next. 19. It Moreover Is Recorded, In The World : 19. It moreover is recorded, in the world. Sm"ri"ti, moreover, states that the bodies of some specially meritorious persons, such as Draupad, Dh"ri"sh"t"adyumna and others, were formed independently of the fifth oblation' (i.e. sexual union).
Next. 7. But The Division Origination Extends : 7. But the division (origination) extends over all effects; as in ordinary life. The 'but' has the sense of 'and.' As the clause 'In that all this has its Self' and similar ones directly state that Ether also is a creation of Brahman, the division, i.e. the origination of Ether from Brahman, is...
Next. 35. Knowledge Not To Be Overpowered : 35. And Scripture also declares (knowledge) not to be overpowered. Texts such as 'By works of sacred duty he drives away evil' declare that sacrifices and similar works have the effect of knowledge 'not being overpowered,' i.e. of the origination of knowledge not being obstructed by evil works...
Next. 4. But Owing To The Wish Of The Highest : p. 603 4. But owing to the wish of the highest it is hidden; for from that are its bondage and the opposite state. The "but" sets the objection aside. Owing to the wish of the highest, i.e. the Supreme Person, the essential nature of the individual soul is hidden. The Supreme Person hides the true...
Next. 12. From The Embodied Soul : 12. If it be said that on account of the denial (it is not so); we deny this. From the embodied soul; for (that one is) clear, according to some. p. 734 The contention that the soul of him who knows departs from the body in the same way as other souls do cannot be upheld, since Scripture expressly...
Next. 40. On Account Of The Trembling : 40. On account of the trembling. In the part of the Ka"th"a-Upanishad which intervenes between the passage 'The Person of the size of a thumb p. 348 stands in the middle of the Self (II, 4, 12), and the passage 'The Person of the size of a thumb, the inner Self' (II, 6, 17), we meet with the text...
Next. 18. But Gaimini Thinks That It H : 18. But "G"aimini thinks that it has another purport, p. 383 on account of the question and answer; and thus some also. The 'but' is meant to preclude the idea that the mention made of the individual soul enables us to understand the whole section as concerned with that soul.--The teacher...
Next. 21. If It Be Said That They Are Mere : 21. If it be said that they are mere glorification, on account of their reference; not so, on account of the newness. The following point is next enquired into. Are texts such as 'That Udgtha is the best of all essences, the highest, holding the supreme place, the eighth' ("Kh". Up. I, 1, 3) meant...
Next. 3. But As The Self : 3. But as the Self; this (the ancient Devotees) acknowledge (since the texts) make (them) apprehend (in that way). p. 717 The following point is now taken into consideration. Is Brahman to be meditated upon as something different from the meditating Devotee, or as the Self of the latter...
Next. 26. And Thus There Would Be Accomplishment : 26. And thus there would be accomplishment on the part of non-active people also. Thus, i.e. on the theory of universal momentariness, origination from the non-existent, causeless cognition, and so on, it would follow that persons also not making any efforts may accomplish all their ends. It is...
Next. 19. It Is To Be Accomplished,. On Account : 19. It is to be accomplished, Bdaraya"n"a holds, on account of scriptural statement of equality. Bdarya"n"a is of opinion that, in the same way as the condition of householdership, those other conditions of life also are obligatory; since in the section beginning 'there are three branches...
Next. 12. On Account Of His Being Designated : 12. On account of his being designated as the object of seeing, he (i.e. the highest Self) (is that object). The followers of the Atharva-veda, in the section containing the question asked by Satyakma, read as follows: 'He again who meditates with this syllable Aum of three Mtrs on the highest...
Next. 35. And On Account Of The Designati : 35. And on account of the designation (of the Self as the agent) in actions. If not so, there would be change of grammatical expression. Because in the text 'Knowledge performs the sacrifice, it performs all works' (Taitt. Up. II, 5) the Self is designated as the agent in all worldly and Vedic...
Next. 7. If It Be Said That The Effect Is : 7. If it be said that (the effect is) non-existing; we say no, there being a mere denial. But, an objection is raised, if Brahman, the cause, differs in nature from the effect, viz. the world, this means that cause and effect are separate things and that hence the effect does not exist...
Next. 3. Matter In Its Subtle State Subserves : To this the next Stra replies-- 3. (Matter in its subtle state) subserves an end, on account of its dependence on him (viz. the Supreme Person). Matter in its subtle state subserves ends, in so far only as it is dependent on the Supreme Person who is the cause of all. We by no means wish to deny...
Next. 15. Moreover There Are Seven : 15. Moreover there are seven. The Sm"ri"tis moreover declare that there are seven hells, called Raurava, and so on, to which evil-doers have to go.--But how do they, if moving about in those seven places, reach the palace of Yama?
Next. 27. From The Yoni The Body : 27. From the yoni the body. Only after having reached a yoni the soul, affected with a remnant of its works, obtains a new body, and only in a body there can be the enjoyment of pleasure and pain. When, therefore, previous to that the soul is said to reach ether, wind, and so on, this can only...
36. There Is Interchange Of Ide. Part 02 : 36. There is interchange (of ideas), for the texts distinguish; as in other cases. There is no difference of vidy because both questions and answers have one subject-matter, and because the one word that possesses enjoining power proves the connexion of the two sections. Both questions have...
Next. 2. But There Is : 2. But there is. But there is origination of Ether. For Scripture, which is concerned with matters transcending sense perception, is able to establish the truth even of the origination of Ether, although this be not proved by other means of knowledge. p. 533 [paragraph continues] And in a matter...
Next. 6. And Of Three Only There Is This : 6. And of three only there is this mention and question. In the Upanishad under discussion there is mention p. 361 made of three things only as objects of knowledge--the three standing to one another in the relation of means, end to be realised by those means, and persons realising,--and questions...
Next. 48. On Account Of Connexions : 48. On account of connexions and the rest, as in the case of the separateness of other cognitions. And this is seen (elsewhere also); as declared (in the Prva Mm"m"s). That the text enjoins a meditative performance different from the actual performance of which the brick-altar is a constituent...
Next. 7. Should It Be Said That The Passage : 7. Should it be said that (the passage does) not p. 264 [paragraph continues] (refer to Brahman) on account of the smallness of the abode, and on account of the denotation of that (viz. minuteness of the being meditated on); we say no, because (Brahman) has thus to be meditated upon, and because...
Next. 30. And On Account Of Its Being Unproved : 30. And on account of its being unproved in every way. Here now come forward the Mdhyamikas who teach that there is nothing but a universal Void. This theory of a universal Nothing is the real purport of Sugata's doctrine; the theories of the momentariness of all existence, the Void...
Next. 20. Or An Injunction, As In The Case : 20. Or an injunction, as in the case of the carrying. As the second part of the text 'Let him approach carrying the firewood below the ladle; for above he carries p. 696 it for the gods' (which refers to a certain form of the Agnihotra), although having the form of an anuvda, yet must be...
3. On Account Of Such Conduct Being Seen. Part 1 : 3. On account of (such) conduct being seen. It is seen, viz in Scripture, that those who knew Brahman busied themselves chiefly with sacrifices.--A"s"vapati Kaikeya had a deep knowledge of the Self; but when three "Ri"shis had come to him to receive instruction regarding the Self, he told them 'I...
Next. 13. But The Rule Over The Pra : 13. But the rule (over the pr"n"as) on the part of Fire and the rest, together with him to whom the pr"n"a belong (i.e. the soul), is owing to the thinking of that (viz. the highest Self); on account of scriptural statement. p. 576 It has been shown that the pr"n"as, together with the main pr"n"...
Next. 18. A Reference Only. On Account : 18. A reference (only) "G"aimini (holds them to be), on account of absence of injunction; for (Scripture) forbids. The argument for the three stages of life, founded on their mention in Vedic texts, has no force, since all those references are only of the nature of anuvda. For none of those texts...
Next. 6. In The Sole Nature Of Intelligence : 6. In the sole nature of intelligence; as that is its Self. Thus Au"d"ulomi thinks. Intelligence (consciousness; "k"aitanya) alone is the true nature of the soul, and hence it is in that character only that the released soul manifests itself; this is the view of the teacher Au"d"ulomi. Th...
Next. 8. But On Account Of Nearness There : 8. But on account of nearness there is that designation. Hira"n"yagarbha is the first created being (as declared by the text 'he who creates Brahma'); he thus stands near to Brahman, and therefore may be designated by the same term (viz. Brahman). This explanation is necessitated by the reasons...
Next. 16. But The Agnihotra And The Rest : 16. But the Agnihotra and the rest, (because they tend) to that effect only; this being seen. It might here be said that special works incumbent on the several "s"ramas, as e. g. the Agnihotra, need not be undertaken by those who are not desirous of their results, since these works also fall under...
Next. 31. And On Account Of Being In The Light : 31. And on account of (meditating on the part of the gods) being in the Light. 'Him the devas meditate upon as the light of lights, as p. 336 immortal time' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 16). This text declares that the meditation of the gods has for its object the Light, i.e. the highest Brahman. Now this...
Next. 32. It Subserves The Purpose Of Thought : 32. It subserves the purpose of thought; as in the case of the feet. p. 623 Where the texts speak of Brahman as having four quarters, and sixteen parts, or say that 'one quarter of him are all these beings' ("Kh". Up. III, 12, 6), they do so for the purpose of thought, i.e. meditation, only...
Next. 4. They Are Seven : 4. (They are seven) on account of the going of the seven and of specification. The question here arises whether those organs are seven only, or eleven--the doubt on this point being due to the conflicting nature of scriptural texts.--The Prvapakshin maintains the former alternative.--On wh...
Next. 14. If, On Account Of Its Being A Word : 14. If, on account of its being a word denoting an effect, (nandamaya be said) not (to denote the highest Self); (we say) no, on account of abundance. We deny the conclusion of the Prvapakshin, on the ground of there being abundance of bliss in the highest Brahman, and 'abundance' being one...
Next. 47. Permission And Exclusion Result : 47. Permission and exclusion (result) from connexion with a body; as in the case of light and so on. Although all souls are essentially of the same nature in so far as they are parts of Brahman, knowing subjects and so on, the permissions and exclusions referred to are possible for the reason th...
Next. 9. But There Is Non Originati : 9. But there is non-origination of that which is (only); on account of impossibility. The 'but' has an affirmative sense. There is non-origination of that which is, i.e. of Brahman only; of whatever is different from Brahman non-origination cannot possibly be established. This means...
Next. 10. And On Account Of The Teaching : 10. And on account of the teaching of formation (i.e. creation) there is no contradiction; as in the case of the honey. The 'and' expresses disposal of a doubt that had arisen. There is no contradiction between the Prak"ri"ti being a"g" and originating from light. On account of instruction being...
Next. 2. And For The Same Reason All Follow After : p. 729 2. And for the same reason all follow after. Because speech's becoming one with mind means only conjunction with the latter, not merging within it; there is also no objection to what Scripture says as to all other organs that follow speech being united with mind.--Here terminates...
Next. 9. And This Is Appropriate, On Account : 9. And (this is) appropriate, on account of the extension. Since the pra"n"ava, which is a part of the udgtha, is introduced as the subject of meditation in the first prap"th"aka of the "Kh"ndogya, and extends over the later vidys also, it is appropriate to assume that also in the clause 'the gods...
27. And Thus Also, Because Thus Only : 23. Not the two others, on account of distinction and statement of difference. The section distinguishes the indestructible being, which is the source of all, &c., from the Pradhna as well as the individual soul, in so far, namely, as it undertakes to prove p. 284 that by the cognition of one...
Next. 11. On Both Assumptions Also There : 11. On both assumptions also there is no motion, and thence non-being (of the origination of the world). The atomic theory teaches that the world is produced by the successive formation of compounds, binary, ternary, and so on, due to the aggregation of atoms--such aggregation resulting...
Next. 5. The View Of Brahman, On Account : 5. The view of Brahman, on account of superiority. The view of Brahman may appropriately be superimposed on mind and the like; but not the view of mind, and so on, on Brahman. For Brahman is something superior to mind, and so on; while the latter are inferior to Brahman. To view a superior pers...
Next. 16. If It Be Said That Knowledge And Mind : 16. If it be said that knowledge and mind (which are mentioned) between (breath and the elements) (are stated) in order of succession, owing to an inferential mark of this; we say, not so, on account of non-difference. 'Knowledge' in the Stra denotes the means of knowledge, i.e. the sense-organs...
Next. 18. If It Be Said That This Is To Be : 18. If it be said that (this) is to be explained through successive causality; we say 'no,' on account of their not being the causes of aggregation. 'If it be said that through the successive causality of Nescience and so on, the formation of aggregates and other matters may be satisfactorily...
Next. 14. Or The Permission Is For The Purpose : 14. Or the permission is for the purpose of glorification. The "or" has assertive force. The introductory words of the Upanishad, 'Hidden in the Lord is all this,' show knowledge to be the subject-matter; hence the permission of works can aim only at the glorification of knowledge. The sense...
Next. 4. If It Be Said That It Is Not So : 4. If it be said (that it is not so) on account of scriptural statement as to going to Agni and the rest; we say no, on account of the secondary nature (of the statement). But the text, 'when the speech of the dead person enters into fire,' they cannot therefore accompany the soul. Hence the text...
Title Page : ALL KNOWLEDGE IS OF THE REAL. 'Those who understand the Veda hold that all cognition has for its object what is real; for."S"ruti and Sm"ri"ti alike teach that everything participates in the nature of everything else. In the scriptural account of creation preceded by intention on the part...
Next. 26. On Account Of The Self Making Itself : 26. On account of (the Self) making itself. Of Brahman which the text had introduced as intent on creation, 'He wished, may I be many' (Taitt. Up. II, 6), a subsequent text says, 'That itself made its Self (II, 7), so that Brahman is represented as the object as well as the agent in the act...
Next. 37. On Account Of The Inversion Of Power : 37. On account of the inversion of power. If the internal organ were the agent, then--since it is p. 556 impossible that a being other than the agent should be the enjoyer of the fruit of the action--the power of enjoyment also would belong to the internal organ, and would consequently have to be...
Next. 51. In The Same Way There Is Non Determinati : 51. In the same way there is non-determination with regard to what has Release for its result; that condition being ascertained, that condition being ascertained. So likewise in the case of the origination, through works of very great merit, of such knowledge as has for its result final Release...
Next. 21. Or Not So, On Account Of Difference : 21. Or not so, on account of difference. This is not so, for as Brahman is to be meditated upon in two different abodes, the meditations are separate. In both the "S"nd"ilya-vidys, on the other hand, Brahman is to be meditated upon as abiding within the heart.
Next. 14. For Brahman Is Without Form Merely : 14. For (Brahman is) without form merely, since it is the principal agent with regard to that. Brahman, although by entering into bodies, human, divine, and so on, it becomes connected with various forms, yet is in itself altogether devoid of form, and therefore does not share that subjecti...
Next. 31. Of Those Who Have A Certain Office : p. 651 31. Of those who have a certain office there is subsistence (of their works) as long as the office lasts. We do not maintain that all those who have reached true knowledge divest themselves at the time of death of all their good and evil works; we limit our view to those who immediately...
Next. 47. But On Account Of The Existence : 47. But on account of the existence (of knowledge) in all, there is winding up with the householder. As knowledge belongs to the members of all "s"ramas it belongs to the householder also, and for this reason the Upanishad winds up with the latter. This winding up therefore is meant to illustrate...
Next. 6. And They Are Minute : 6. And (they are) minute. As the text 'these are all alike, all infinite' (B"ri". Up. I, 5, 13), declares speech, mind, and breath to be infinite, we conclude that the pr"n"as are all-pervading.--To this the Stra replies, that they are minute; for the text 'when the vital breath passes out...
Next. 15. Some Also : 15. Some also, by proceeding according to their liking. In some "s"khs, moreover, we read that he who possesses the knowledge of Brahman may, according to his liking, give up the state of a householder, 'What shall we do with offspring, we who have this Self and this world?' (B"ri". Up. V, 4, 22.)...
Next. 25. Also Beings Above Them, I.e. Men : 25. Also beings above them (i.e. men), Bdarya"n"a thinks, on account of possibility. In order to prove that the highest Brahman may be p. 327 viewed as having the size of a thumb, it has been declared that the scriptural texts enjoining meditation on Brahman are the concern of men. This offers...
Next. 37. Smriti Also States This : 37. Sm"ri"ti also states this. Sm"ri"ti also declares that men not belonging to an "s"rama grow in knowledge through prayer and the like. 'Through prayer also a Brhma"n"a may become perfect. May he perform other works or not, one who befriends all creatures is called a Brhma"n"a' (Manu Sm"ri". II...
Next. 8. Hence The Awaking From That : 8. Hence the awaking from that. Since Brahman alone directly is the place of deep sleep, Scripture is able to declare that the souls awake from that, i.e. Brahman; compare 'Having come back from the True they do not know that they come from the True' ("Kh". Up. VI, io, 2), and other texts.--Here...
Next. 43. But In Either Case Such Men St : 43. But in either case (such men) stand outside; on account of Sm"ri"ti and custom. Whether the point under discussion constitutes a minor or a major offence, in any case those who have lapsed stand outside the category of those qualified for the knowledge of Brahman. For Sm"ri"ti, i.e. the text...
Next. 14. Those Not Depending On Symbols : Now the Reverend Bdarya"n"a declares his own view, which constitutes the final conclusion in this matter. 14. Those not depending on symbols he leads, thus Bdarya"n"a thinks; there being a defect in both cases; and he whose thought is that. Bdarya"n"a is of opinion that the deities lead those not...
Next. Consciousness Is Not Eternal : Consciousness Is Not Eternal. It was further maintained by the prvapakshin that as consciousness is self-established it has no antecedent non-existence and so on, and that this disproves its having an origin. But this is an attempt to prove something not proved by something else that is equally...
Next. 52. But This Is Not So, But Rather : 52. But this is not so, (but rather) difference; since it is of the being of that; as in the case of intuition. It is not true that the meditating subject must be conceived as having the ordinary characteristics of knowing, acting, it rather possesses those characteristic properties--freedom...
Next. 10. And There Is No Objection On Account : 10. And there is no objection on account of its not having an activity (kara"n"a); for (Scripture) thus declares. The kara"n"a of the Stra means kriy, action. The objection raised on the ground that the principal breath does not exercise any form of activity helpful to the soul, is without force...
Next. 3. And Because From The Independence : 3. And because from the independence (of the Pradhna) there would follow the non-existence of what is different (from creation, i.e. of the pralaya condition). That the Pradhna which is not guided by an intelligent principle is not the universal cause is proved also by the fact that, if we ascribe...
Next. 11. And To That Very Subtle Body There : 11. And to that very (subtle body) (there belongs) the warmth, this only being reasonable. It is observed that when a man is about to die there is some warmth left in some part or parts of the gross body. Now this warmth cannot really belong to the gross body, for it is not observed in other parts...
Next. 9. But The Same, On Account Of Work : 9. But the same, on account of work, remembrance, text, and injunction. Does the same person who had gone to sleep rise again at the time of waking, or a different one?--Since the soul in deep sleep frees itself from all limiting adjuncts, unites itself with Brahman, and thus being in no way...
Next. 62. And On Account Of The Declarati : 62. And on account of the declaration of a quality being common (to all the Vedas). The text 'By means of that syllable the threefold knowledge proceeds. With "Om" the Adhvaryu gives orders, p. 684 with "Om" the Hot"ri" recites, with "Om" the Udgt"ri" sings,' which declares the pra"n"ava--which is...
Next. 35. And On Account Of The Endurance : 35. And on account of the endurance of the final (size), and the (resulting) permanency of both; there is no difference. The final size of the soul, i.e. the size it has in the state of Release, is enduring since the soul does not subsequently pass into another body; and both, i.e. the soul...
Next. 4. And On Account Of There Being No : 4. And on account of there being no statement of its being an object of knowledge. If the text meant the Non-evolved as understood by the Snkhyas it would refer to it as something to be known; for the Snkhyas, who hold the theory of Release resulting from the discriminative knowledge...
Next. No Scriptural Texts Teach A Brahm : No Scriptural Texts Teach A Brahman Devoid Of All Difference. We now turn to the assertion that certain scriptural texts, as e.g. 'Being only was this in the beginning,' are meant to teach that there truly exists only one homogeneous substance, viz. Intelligence free from all difference.--This we...
Next. 27. Owing To Modification : 27. Owing to modification. This means--owing to the essential nature of modification (pari"n"ma). The modification taught in our system is not such as to introduce imperfections into the highest Brahman, on the contrary it confers on it limitless glory. For our teaching as to Brahman's...
Next. 13. Smriti Also Declares This : 13. Sm"ri"ti also declares this. Sm"ri"ti also declares that the soul of him who knows departs by means of an artery of the head. 'Of those, one is situated above which pierces the disc of the sun and passes beyond the world of Brahman; by way of that the soul reaches the highest goal' (Y"g"...
6. If It Be Said That There Is Difference. Part 02 : 6. If it be said that there is difference on account of the text; we say no; on account of non-difference. So far it has been shown that the non-difference of injunction, p. 633 and so on, establishes the unity of meditations, and that owing to the latter the special features of meditati...
Next. 18. And On Account Of The Declarati : 18. And on account of the declaration of difference. The part of the chapter--beginning with the words 'From that same Self there sprang ether'--which sets forth the nature of the Brahman referred to in the mantra, declares its difference from the individual soul, no less than from the Selfs...
Next. 19. And Thus Being Equal, On Account : 19. And (the qualities) thus being equal, on account of non-difference. In the book of the V"g"asaneyaka, called Agnirahasya, we meet with a meditation on Brahman called "S"nd"ilyavidy; and there is also a "S"nd"ilya-vidy in the B"ri"hadra"n"yaka. The Prvapakshin holds that these two meditations...
Next. 38. And On Account Of The Prohibiti : 38. And on account of the prohibition of hearing, studying, and performance of (Vedic) matter. The "S"dra is specially forbidden to hear and study the Veda and to perform the things enjoined in it. 'For a "S"dra is like a cemetery, therefore the Veda must not be read in the vicinity of a "S"dra;...
Next. 20. And Scripture Teaches The Joining : 20. And Scripture teaches the joining of this (i.e. the individual soul) with that (i.e. bliss) in that (i.e. the nandamaya). 'A flavour he is indeed; having obtained a flavour this one enjoys bliss' (Taitt. Up. II, 7). This text declares that this one, i.e. the so-called individual soul, enjoys...
Next. 26. After That Conjunction With Him : 26. After that conjunction with him who performs the act of generation. p. 600 The declaration that the descending souls "become" rice plants, and so on, cannot be taken literally for that reason also, that the text afterwards declares them to "become" those who perform the act of generation:...
Next. 21. For Both Also Speak Of It As Something : 21. For both also speak of it as something different. Both, i.e. the Mdhyandinas as well as the K"n"vas, distinguish in their texts the embodied soul, together with speech and other non-intelligent things, from the Ruler within, representing it as an object of his rule. The Mdhyandinas read, 'He...
Next. 46. There Is Injunction Of Other Auxiliary : 46. There is injunction of other auxiliary means for him who is such, as in the case of injunction and so on; (the term "mauna" denoting) according to an alternative meaning a third something. p. 709 'Therefore let a Brhma"n"a after he has done with learning wish to stand by a childlike state;...
Next. 11. Not From The Mention Of The Number : p. 371 11. Not from the mention of the number even, on account of the diversity and of the excess. The V"g"asaneyins read in their text 'He in whom the five "five-people" and the ether rest, him alone I believe to be the Self; I, who know, believe him to be Brahman' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 17)...
Next. 30. And The Divinity Is Endowed With : p. 476 30. And (the divinity is) endowed with all powers, because that is seen. The highest divinity which is different in nature from all other things is endowed with all powers; for scriptural texts show it to be such, 'His high power is revealed as manifold, as essential, and so his knowledge...
16. And The Text Says So Much Only. Part 1 : 16. And (the text) says so much only. Moreover the text 'the True, knowledge, infinite is Brahman' only teaches that Brahman has light for its essential nature, and does not negative those other attributes of Brahman--omniscience, being the cause of the world, &c.--which are intimated by other...
Next. 23. Also In Perfect Conciliation, According : 23. Also in perfect conciliation, according to Scripture and Sm"ri"ti. Moreover, it is only in the state of perfect conciliation or endearment, i.e. in meditation bearing the character of devotion, that an intuition of Brahman takes place, not in any other state. This Scripture and Sm"ri"ti alike...
Next. 15. And On Account Of The Text Referring : 15. And on account of the text referring only to what is characterised by pleasure. The Person abiding within the eye is the highest Person, for the following reason also. The topic of the whole section is Brahman characterised by delight, as indicated in the passage 'Ka(pleasure) is Brahm...
Next. 43. And On Account Of Contradiction : 43. And on account of contradiction. The origination of the "g"va is, moreover, distinctly controverted in the books of the Bhgavatas also. Thus in the Parama-sa"m"hit 'The nature of Prak"ri"ti consists therein that she is non-sentient, for the sake of another, eternal, ever-changing, comprising...
Next. 7. On Account Of Definite Rule : 7. On account of definite rule. Another argument for our conclusion is that the text 'Doing works here let a man desire to live a hundred years,' &c. (Is. Up. II), expressly enjoins lifelong works on him who knows the Self. The general conclusion, therefore, is that knowledge (meditation) is...
Next. 17.the Inferential Marks Of The Individual : 17. Should it be said that this is not so on account of the inferential marks of the individual soul and the chief vital air; we reply that this has been explained before. With reference to the plea urged by the Prvapakshin p. 382 that, owing to inferential marks pointing to the individual soul...
5. And If You Say As The Man And The Stone : 36. (The system) of the Lord (must be disregarded), on account of inappropriateness. So far it has been shown that the doctrines of Kapila, Ka"n"da, Sugata, and the Arhat must be disregarded by men desirous of final beatitude; for those doctrines are all alike untenable and foreign to the Ved...
21. And On Account Of The Imitation Of Th : 21. And on account of the imitation of that. The individual soul, free from bondage, and thus possessing the qualities of freedom from sin, then becoming wise and shaking off good and evil, he reaches the highest equality, free from passions.' The being to p. 325 which the teaching of Pra"g"pati...
Next. 24. And On Account Of The Statement : 24. And on account of the statement of reflection. Brahman must be held to be both causes for that reason also that texts such as 'He desired, may I be many, may I grow forth,' and 'It thought, may I be many, may I grow forth,' declare that the creative Brahman forms the purpose of its own Self...
Next. 26. Or On Account Of Its Quality As Light : p. 549 26. Or on account of its quality as light. The 'or' is meant to set aside the view previously stated. The Self extends through the whole body by means of its quality, viz. knowledge or consciousness. 'As light.' As the light of things abiding in one place--such as gems, the sun, and so...
Next. 39. On Account Of Emphasis There Is : 39. On account of emphasis there is non-omission. Attributes, such as having the power of immediately realising one's purposes, and so on, which are not by other means known to constitute attributes of Brahman, and are in the two texts under discussion, as well as in other texts, emphatically...
Next. 50. And : 50. And by a subsequent (Brhma"n"a) also the 'being of such a kind' of the word (is proved). But the connexion is on account of plurality. The subsequent Brhma"n"a ("S"at. Br. X, 5, 4) also proves that the text treating of the altars made of mind, and so on, enjoins a meditation only. For th...
Next. 59. They Belong To The Constituent : 59. They belong to the constituent members, as the bases. A doubt arises whether meditations such as the one enjoined in the text, 'Let him meditate on the syllable Om as the Udgtha,' which are connected with constituent elements of the sacrifice such as the Udgtha, contribute towards...
Next. 10. Non Comprehensive : 10. (It is) non-comprehensive. The scriptural declaration does not refer to all meditations, but only to the meditation on the Udgtha. In the clause 'what he does with knowledge,' the 'what' is in itself indefinite, and therefore must be defined as connecting itself with the Udgtha mentioned...
Next. 30. That Assumption Is Justified : 30. (That assumption) is justified; on account of the perception of things which are marks of that; as in ordinary experience. p. 650 The assumption of all the works perishing at the time of 'departure' involves no contradiction; since we perceive, in the sacred texts, matters which are marks...
5. And If You Say As The Man And The Stone. Part 02 : 5. And if you say--as the man and the stone; thus also. p. 490 Here the following view might be urged. Although the soul consists of mere intelligence and is inactive, while the Pradhna is destitute of all power of thought; yet the non-sentient Pradhna may begin to act owing to the mere nearness...
Next. 17. With The Exception Of World Energy : 17. With the exception of world-energy; on account of leading subject-matter and of non-proximity. The doubt here presents itself whether the power of the released soul is a universal power such as belongs to the Supreme Person, extending to the creation, sustentation, and so on, of the worlds;...
Next. 11. Where Concentration Of Mind Is Possible : 11. Where concentration of mind (is possible), there; on account of there being no difference. As the texts do not say anything as to special places and times, the only requisite of such places and times is that they should favour concentration of mind. This agrees with the declaration 'Let a m...
Next. 42. The Ether, On Account Of The Designati : 42. The ether, on account of the designation of something different, and so on. We read in the "Kh"ndogya. 'The ether is the evolver of forms and names. That within which these forms and names are (or "that which is within--or without--these forms and names") is Brahman, the Immortal, the Self'...
Next. 35. Thus, From The Denial Of Anything Else : 35. Thus, from the denial of anything else. Nor can we allow the assertion that there is something higher than the highest because certain texts ('the Person which is higher than the highest'; 'beyond the Imperishable there is the highest,' B"ri". Up. II, 3, 6); 'Of him none is the Lord, his name...
Next. 6. And It Is Suggestive, According : p. 604 6. And it is suggestive, according to Scripture; this the experts also declare. The things seen in dreams are not created by the wish of the individual soul for this reason also, that according to Scripture dreams are prophetic of future good or ill fortune. 'When a man engaged in some work...
Next. 30. On Account Of Definiteness. Thus : 30. On account of definiteness; thus "s"marathya opines. The teacher "s"marathya is of opinion that the text represents the highest Self as possessing a definite extent, to the end of rendering the thought of the meditating devotee more definite. That is to say--the limitation due to the limited...
Neither Scripture Nor Smriti And Purana Teach. Part 02 : Neither Scripture Nor Sm"ri"ti And Pur"n"a Teach Nescience. The assertion that Nescience--to be defined neither as that which is nor as that which is not--rests on the authority of Scripture is untrue. In passages such as 'hidden by the untrue' ("Kh". Up. VIII, 3, 2), the word 'untrue' does not...
Next. 11. The Two Entered Into The Cave : 11. The 'two entered into the cave' are the two Selfs; on account of this being seen. The two, entered into the cave and drinking their reward, are neither the embodied soul together with the vital breath, nor the embodied soul together with the buddhi; it is rather the embodied Self...
Next. 50. On Account Of The Non Determinati : 50. On account of the non-determination of the ad"ri"sh"t"as. As the ad"ri"sh"t"as also which are the causes of the series of updhis have for their substrate Brahman itself, there is no reason for their definite allotment(to definite individual souls), and hence again there is no definite...
Next. 19. And On Account Of Desire, There : 19. And on account of desire, there is no regard to what is inferred (i.e. matter). In order that the individual soul which is enthralled by Nescience may operate as the cause of the world, it must needs be connected with non-sentient matter, called by such names as pradhna, or numnika (that which...
Next. 19. And The Reference Has A Different : 19. And the reference has a different meaning. The text in question declares that the released individual soul when reaching the highest light, i.e. Brahman, which is free from all sin, and so on, attains its true nature, which is characterised by similar freedom from sin, and so on. Now this...
Next. 10. On Account Of Going To The Self : 10. On account of (the individual soul) going to the Self. With reference to the 'Sat' the text says, 'Learn from me the true nature of sleep. When a man sleeps here, he becomes united with the Sat, he is gone to his own (Self). Therefore they say he sleeps (svapiti), because he is gone to his own...
Next. 28. On Account Of The Separate Statement : 28. On account of the separate statement. Scripture even states quite directly that knowledge is something distinct from the knowing subject, viz. in the passage 'For there is not known any intermission of the knowing of the knower' (B"ri." Up. IV, 3, 30).--It has been said that in passages such...
Next. 12. And It Is Minute : 12. And (it is) minute. This pr"n"a also is minute, since as before (i.e. as in the case of the organs) the text declares it to pass out of the body, to move, and so on, 'him when he passes out the pr"n"a follows after' (B"ri". Up. V, 4, 2). A further doubt arises, in the case of pr"n"a, owing...
Next. 15. The Entering Is As In The Case Of A Lamp : 15. The entering is as in the case of a lamp; for thus Scripture declares. p. 765 Just as a lamp, although abiding in one place only, enters through the light proceeding from it into connexion with many places; so the soul also, although limited to one place, may through its light-like...
Next. 61. On Account Of Rectification : 61. On account of rectification. The text 'from the seat of the Hot"ri" he sets right the wrong Udgha' shows that the meditation is necessarily required for the purpose of correcting whatever mistake may be made in the Udgtha. This also proves that the meditation is an integral part...
Next. 40. But The Former, Badarayana Thinks : 40. But the former, Bdarya"n"a (thinks), on account of the designation (of deities) as the cause. The reverend Bdarya"n"a maintains the previously declared awarding of rewards by the Supreme Person since the scriptural texts referring to the different sacrifices declare that the deities only, Agni...
Next. 23. Ether Is Brahman : 23. Ether (is Brahman), on account of the characteristic marks. We read in the "Kh"ndogya (I, 9), 'What is the origin of this world? Ether,' he replied. 'For all these beings spring from the ether only, and return into the ether. Ether is greater than these; ether is their rest.' Here there arises...
Next. 21. There Is Non Establishment : 21. There is non-establishment of pratisankhy p. 505 and apratisankhy destruction, on account of non-interruption. So far the hypothesis of origination from that which is not has been refuted. The present Stra now goes on to declare that also the absolute (niranvaya) destruction of that which is...
Next. 6. And The Ideas Of Adity : 6. And the ideas of ditya and the rest on the member; on account of this being rational. 'He who shines up there let a man meditate on him as the Udgtha' ("Kh". Up. I, 3, 1).--With regard to this and similar meditations connected with subordinate parts of sacrificial performances there arises...
Next. 8. Should It Be Said That There Is : 8. Should it be said that there is attainment of fruition (of pleasure and pain); we reply, not so, on account of difference. But, if the highest Brahman is assumed to dwell within bodies, like the individual soul, it follows that, like the latter, it is subject to the experience of pleasure...
36. There Is Interchange Of Ide : 2. On account of (the Self) standing in a complementary relation, they are arthavdas, as in other cases; thus "G"aimini opines. What has been said as to Scripture intimating that a beneficial result is realised through the meditations by themselves is untenable. For texts such as 'he who knows...
Next. 41. But With A View To The Efforts Made : 41. But with a view to the efforts made (the Lord makes the soul act) on account of the (thus resulting) non-meaninglessness of injunctions and prohibitions and the rest. The inwardly ruling highest Self promotes action in so far as it regards in the case of any action the volitional effort made...
Next. 11. Not On Account Of Place Even Is : 11. Not on account of place even (is there any imperfection) of the Highest; for everywhere (it is described) as having twofold characteristics. The different states of the individual soul have been discussed, to the end that an insight into their imperfections may give rise to indifference...
Next. 10. Or In The Same Way As The Big : 10. Or in the same way as the big and long from the short and the atomic. We have shown that the theory of the Pradhna being the universal cause is untenable, since it rests on fallacious arguments, and suffers from inner contradictions. We shall now prove that the view of atoms constituting...
Next. 14. But He. From The Inferential Mark : 14. But he; from the inferential mark supplied by their reflection. The 'but' indicates the setting aside of the prim facie view raised. Of all effected things, the "Mahat", and so on, the highest Person himself, in so far as embodied in the immediately preceding substance, is the direct cause...
Next. 10. Hence Not In The Way Of Destructi : 10. Hence not in the way of destruction of bondage. It thus appears that the text 'when all desires which once entered his heart are undone, then does the mortal become immortal, then he obtains Brahman ' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 7), does not mean such immortality as would imply complete destructi...
Next. 17. And Of Him Who Is Chaste : 17. And of him who is chaste; for in Scripture (this is declared). The knowledge of Brahman belongs to those who have to observe chastity, and men living in that state have not to perform the Agnihotra, the Dar"s"apr"n"amsa, and similar works. For this reason also knowledge cannot be subsidiary...
Next. 7. Because Release Is Taught Of Him : The next following Stra confirms the same view. 7. Because release is taught of him who takes his stand on it. Svetaketu, who is desirous of final release, is at first--by means of the clause 'Thou art that'--instructed to meditate on himself as having his Self in that which truly is;...
Next. 36. There Would Be Absence Of Definite : 36. (There would be) absence of definite rule, as in the case of consciousness. The Stra points out a difficulty which arises on the view of the Self not being an agent. Stra 32 has declared that if the Self were all-pervading it would follow that there would be no definite determination with...
Next. 21. The One Within The Sun And The Eye : 21. The one within (the sun and the eye); on account of his qualities being declared. It is said in the "Kh"ndogya: 'Now that person bright as gold, who is seen within the sun, with beard bright as gold and hair bright as gold, golden altogether to the very tips of his nails, whose eyes are like...
Next. 35. If It Be Said 'not So, On Account : 35. If it be said 'not so, on account of non-distinction of deeds'; we say, 'not so, on account of beginninglessness'; this is reasonable, and it is also observed. But before creation the individual souls do not exist; since Scripture teaches non-distinction 'Being only this was in the beginning.'...
Next. 7. And It Is Common Up To The Beginning : 7. And it is common up to the beginning of the way; and the immortality (is that which is obtained), without having burned. Is this departure of the soul common to him who knows and him who does not know?--It belongs to him only who does not know, the Prvapakshin holds. For Scripture declares th...
Next. 39. Finiteness Or Absence Of Omniscience : 39. Finiteness or absence of omniscience. 'Or' here has the sense of 'and.' If the Lord is under the influence of the ad"ri"sh"t"a, it follows that, like the individual soul, he is subject to creation, dissolution, and so on, and that he is not omniscient. The Pa"s"upati theory cannot therefore be...
24. And On Account Of The Description Of Its Form : 20. If it be said, owing to the scriptural declaration of smallness; that has been explained. The text describes the ether within the heart as being of small compass, and this agrees indeed with the individual soul which elsewhere is compared to the point of an awl, but not with Brahman, which is...
Next. 27. But All The Same He Must Be Possessed : 27. But all the same he must be possessed of calmness, subjection of the senses, &c., since those are enjoined as auxiliaries to that, and must necessarily be accomplished. The question is whether the householder also must practise calmness and so on, or not. The Prvapakshin says he must not...
Next. 57. Option, On Account Of The Non Difference : 57. Option, on account of the non-difference of result. It has been proved that the meditation on that which truly is, the meditation on the small ether within the heart, and so on--all of which have for their result the attainment to Brahman--are separate meditations. The question now arises...
Next. 18. The Soul In So Far As Its True : p. 321 18. Should it be said that from a subsequent passage (it appears that the individual Soul is meant); rather (the soul) in so far as its true nature has become manifest. The Prvapakshin now maintains that we ascertain from a subsequent declaration made by Pra"g"pati that it is just...
Next. 10. The Absence : p. 763 10. The absence, Bdari holds; for thus Scripture says. A doubt arises whether the Released has a body and sense-organs, or not; or whether he has them or not just as he pleases. The teacher Bdari holds that body and sense-organs are absent; since the text declares this. The text--'as long...
Next. 26. That Which The Text Refers To Is : 26. That which the text refers to is an inferential mark--thus. The text describes the shape of Vai"s"vnara, of whom heaven, and it is known from Scripture and Sm"ri"ti that such is the shape of the highest Self. When, therefore, we recognise that shape as referred to in the text, this supplies...
Next. 26. If It Be Said That There Results : 26. If it be said that there results a contradiction to work; we deny this, on account of the observation of the assumption of several (bodies). An objection here presents itself. If we admit the gods to have bodies, a difficulty arises at the sacrifices, as it is impossible that one and the same...
Next. Third Pada. 1. The Abode Of Heaven : p. 296 THIRD PDA. 1. The abode of heaven, earth, he is the bank (setu) of the Immortal' (Mu. Up. II, 2, 5). The doubt here arises whether the being spoken of as the abode of heaven, earth, and so on, is the individual soul or the highest Self. The Prvapakshin maintains the former alternative...
Next. 2. The Released One. On Account : 2. The released one; on account of the promise. What the text says about the soul accomplishing itself in its own form refers to the released soul which, freed from its connexion with works and what depends thereon, i.e. the body and the rest, abides in its true essential nature.--That essential...
Next. 3. And On Account Of The Going Of The Pranas : 3. And on account of the going of the pr"n"as. That the soul goes embedded in the subtle rudiments of the elements follows therefrom also that when passing out of the old body it is said to be followed by the pr"n"as, 'when he thus passes out, the chief pr"n"a follows after him,' &c. (B"ri". Up. V...
Next. 53. But Those Meditations Which Are : 53. But those (meditations) which are connected with members (of sacrifices) are not (restricted) to (particular) "s"khs, but rather (belong) to all "s"khs. p. 676 There are certain meditations connected with certain constituent elements of sacrifices-as e.g. 'Let a man meditate on the syllable Om...
Next. 7. And The Best : 7. And the best. By 'the best' we have to understand the chief vital air (mukhya pr"n"a), which, in the colloquy of the pr"n"as, is determined to be the best because it is the cause of the preservation of the body. This chief vital air the Prvapakshin maintains to be something non-created, since...
Next. 13. And Because The World Also Would : 13. And because (the world also) would thus be eternal. p. 499 The samavya is a relation, and if that relation is eternal that to which the relation belongs must also be eternal, so that we would arrive at the unacceptable conclusion that the world is eternal.
Next. The Small Purvapaksha : THE SMALL PRVAPAKSHA. But--a further objection is urged--as that which has to precede the systematic enquiry into Brahman we should assign something which that enquiry necessarily presupposes. The enquiry into the nature of duty, however, does not form such a prerequisite, since a considerati...
Next. 20. On Account Of Its Passing Out : 20. On account of (its) passing out, moving and returning. The Self is not omnipresent, but on the contrary, of atomic size (a"n"u).--How is this known?--Since Scripture says that it passes out, goes and returns. Its passing out is described in the following passage 'by that light this Self...
Next. 26. Or The Consequence Of The Entire : 26. Or the consequence of the entire (Brahman entering into the effect), and stultification of (Brahman's) being devoid of parts. 'Being only was this in the beginning'; 'This indeed was in the beginning not anything'; 'The Self alone indeed was this in ihe beginning'--these and other texts state...
Next. 28. If It Be Said That Brahman Is Not : 28. If it be said that (Brahman is) not (recognised) on account of the difference of designation; (we say) not so, on account of there being no contradiction in either (designation). In the former passage, 'three feet of it are what is immortal in heaven,' heaven is referred to as the abode...
19. That Which Is Not Within Change. Part 02 : 19. That which is not within change; for thus Scripture declares the abiding (of the soul). That which is not within change, i.e. the highest Brahman which is free from all change and of an absolutely perfect and blessed nature--this, together with the manifestations of its glory, is what forms...
Neither Scripture Nor Smriti And Purana Teach : 26. If it be objected that (Brahman is) not (denoted) on account of the metre being denoted; (we reply) not so, because thus the direction of the mind (on Brahman) is declared; for thus it is seen. The previous section at first refers to the metre called Gyatr, 'The Gyatr indeed is everything'...
Next. 38. And There Is The Promotion Of Knowledge : 38. And there is the promotion (of knowledge) through special acts (of duty). p. 705 The above conclusion is founded not only on Reasoning and Sm"ri"ti; but Scripture even directly states that knowledge is benefited by practices not exclusively prescribed for the "s"ramas, 'By penance, abstinence...
Next. 29. The Existence Is Not, On Account : 29. The existence (is) not, on account of the absence of perception. The existence of mere cognitions devoid of corresponding things is not possible, because such are nowhere perceived. For we nowhere perceive cognitions not inherent in a cognising subject and not referring to objects. That even...
Next. 16. Because It Denotes The World : 16. Because it denotes the world. The Snkhya comes forward with a further objection. Although the Vednta-texts teach an intelligent principle to be the cause of the world, they do not present to us as objects of knowledge anything that could be the cause of p. 378 the world, apart from the Pradhn...
Next. 2. From The Year To Vayu : 2. From the year to Vyu; on account of non-specification and specification. In their description of the path beginning with light the "Kh"andogas mention the year between the months and the sun, 'from the months to the year, from the year to the sun' ("Kh". Up. V, 10, 1); while the V"g"asaneyins...
37. And On Account Of The Impossibility. Part 02 : 37. And on account of the impossibility of rulership. Those who stand outside the Veda arrive through inference at the conclusion that the Lord is a mere operative cause. This being so, they must prove the Lord's being the ruler (of the material cause) on the basis of observation. But it is...
Next. 22. The Text Also Declares This : 22. The text also declares this. That the qualities of that which abides within the sun and that which abides in the eye are not to be combined, the text itself moreover shows by specially stating that the characteristics of the one are those of the other. For such a special transfer of qualities...
Next. 3. For The Sirovrata Concerns The Mode : 3. For (the "s"irovrata) concerns the mode of the study of the Veda; also on account of (that rite) being a heading in the sam"k"ra; and the restriction is like that of the libations. What the text says as to a restriction connected with the 'vow of the head,' does not intimate a difference...
Next. Third Pada. 1. Not Ether : p. 532 THIRD PDA. 1. Not Ether; on account of the absence of scriptural statement. We have demonstrated that the Snkhya-system and other systems standing outside the Veda are untenable since they rest on fallacious reasoning and are self-contradictory. In order to prove that our own view is...
Next. 6. On Account Of Injunction For Such A One : 6. On account of injunction for such a one. That knowledge is subordinate to works follows therefrom also that works are enjoined on him only who possesses knowledge. For texts such as 'He who has learnt the Veda from a family of teachers,' &c. ("Kh". Up. VIII, 15), enjoin works on him only who...
Next. 21. And On Account Of The Indicati : 21. And on account of the indication of the equality of enjoyment only. The previous conclusion is confirmed by the further fact that the text directly teaches the released soul to be equal to Brahman in so far only as enjoying direct insight into the true nature of Brahman. 'He reaches all...
Next. 27. There Is Distinction : 27. There is distinction as in the case of smell; and thus Scripture declares. Just as smell, which is perceived as a quality of earth, is distinct from earth; thus knowledge of which we are conscious as the quality of a knowing subject--which relation expresses itself in judgments such as 'I...
Next. 1. Everywhere. Because There Is Taught : 1. Everywhere; because there is taught what is known. We read in the "Kh"ndogya, 'Man is made of thought; according to what his thought is in this world, so will he be when he has departed this life. Let him form this thought: he who consists of mind, whose body is breath, whose form is light,' &c...
Next. 18. The New. On Account Of The Statement : 18. The new (thing is enjoined); on account of the statement of what has to be done. The Stra discusses an additional question connected with the meditation on breath. Both texts--the "Kh"ndogya as well as the V"g"asaneyaka-declare that water constitutes a dress for pra"n"a, and refer...
Next. 5. In A Nature Like That Of Brahman : 5. In (a nature like) that of Brahman, thus "G"aimini thinks; on account of suggestion and the rest. p. 760 Owing to the fact that different texts give different accounts, the question now arises of what character that essential nature of the Self is in which it manifests itself on reaching...
Next. 39. But Better Than That Is The Other : 39. But better than that is the other also on account of an inferential mark. Better than to be outside the "s"ramas is the condition of standing within an "s"rama. The latter state may be due to misfortune; but he who can should be within an "s"rama, which state is the more holy and beneficial...
Next. 4. On Account Of The Declarati : 4. On account of the declaration of difference. 'On the same tree man sits immersed in grief, bewildered p. 299 by "an"s"; but when he sees the other one, the Lord, contented, and his glory; then his grief passes away' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 2). This, and similar texts, speak of that one, i.e. the one...
Next. 10. And On Account Of The Topic : 10. And on account of the topic of the whole section. Moreover the highest Brahman constitutes the topic of the entire section. Cp. 'The wise who knows the Self as great and omnipresent does not grieve' (Ka. Up. I, 2, 22); 'That Self cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding, nor by much...
Next. 51. Some, On Account Of The Existence : 51. Some, on account of the existence of a Self within a body. In all meditations on the highest Self the nature of the meditating subject has to be ascertained no less than the nature of the object of meditation and of the mode of meditation. The question then arises whether the meditating Self...
13. On The Attainment Of This, There Result : 3. Beyond lightning there is Varu"n"a, on account of connexion. According to the text of the Kaushtakins the soul goes on to the world of Vyu, to the world of Varu"n"a, to the world of Indra, to the world of Pra"g"pati, to the world of Brahman. The doubt here arises whether Varu"n"...
Next. 34. Not Inequality And Cruelty : 34. Not inequality and cruelty, on account of there being regard; for so (Scripture) declares. It must indeed be admitted that the Lord, who differs in nature from all other beings, intelligent and non-intelligent, p. 478 and hence possesses powers unfathomable by thought, is capable of creating...
Next. 60. And On Account Of Injunction : 60. And on account of injunction. The above conclusion is further confirmed by the fact of injunction, i.e. thereby that clauses such as 'he is to meditate on the Udgtha' enjoin the meditation as standing to the Udgtha in the relation of a subordinate member. Injunctions of this kind differ...
Next. 19. But Having Destroyed : 19. But having destroyed by fruition the other two sets he becomes one with Brahman. There now arises the doubt whether the good and evil p. 727 works other than those the non-clinging and destruction of which have been declared, that is to say those works the results of which have begun to act...
Next. 12. Should It Be Said 'on Account : 12. Should it be said 'on account of difference'; not so, because with reference to each the text says what is not that. But, an objection is raised, we observe, that the individual soul also, although in reality possessing the same twofold attributes, viz. freedom from all evil and so on, as we...
Next. 4. The Connexion Of Scripture With : 4. But that (i.e. the authoritativeness of Scripture with regard to Brahman) exists on account of the connexion (of Scripture with the highest aim of man). The word 'but' is meant to rebut the objection raised. "That", i.e. the authoritativeness of Scripture with regard to Brahman, is possible...
Next. 2. If It Be Said That The Vidyas Are : 2. If it be said (that the vidys are not one) on account of difference, we deny this, since even in one (vidy there may be repetition). If it be said that there is no oneness of vidy, because the fact of the same matter being stated again without difference, and being met with in a different...
Next. 20. And Not That Which Smriti Assumes : 20. And not that which Sm"ri"ti assumes, on account of the declaration of qualities not belonging to that; nor the embodied one. 'That which Sm"ri"ti assumes' is the Pradhna; the 'embodied one' is the individual soul. Neither of these can be the Ruler within, since the text states attributes which...
Next. 17. But That Which Abides In The Things : 17. But that which abides in the things movable and immovable, i.e. the terms denoting those things, are non-secondary (i.e. of primary denotative power, viz. with regard to Brahman); since (their denotative power) is effected by the being of that (i.e. Brahman). The 'but' sets aside the objecti...
Next. 13. Some Also Teach Thus : 13. Some also (teach) thus. Moreover, the followers of one "s"kh explicitly teach that the connexion with one and the same body is for the individual soul a source of disadvantage, while for the highest Brahman it is nothing of the kind, but constitutes an accession of glory in so far as it...
Next. 17. And On Account Of The Statement : 17. And on account of the statement of the way of him who has heard the Upanishads. Other scriptural texts give an account of the way--the first station of which is light--that leads up to the highest Person, without any subsequent return, the soul of him who has read the Upanishads, and has thus...
Next. There Is No Proof Of Non Differenced : There Is No Proof Of Non-differenced Substance. To enter into details.--Those who maintain the doctrine of a substance devoid of all difference have no right to assert that this or that is a proof of such a substance; for all means of right knowledge have for their object things affected with...
Next. 13 : 13. By light, food not being (mentioned in the text) of some. In the text of some, viz. the K"n"vas, where food is not mentioned, the five-people are recognised to be the five senses, owing to the phrase 'of lights' which is met with in another complementary passage. In the mantra, 'him the gods...
Next. 25. Hence : 25. Hence (Brahman is distinguished) by what is infinite; for thus the characteristics (hold good). By the arguments stated it is proved that Brahman is distinguished by the infinite multitude of blessed qualities. And this being so, it follows that Brahman possesses the twofold characteristics...
Next. 25. Should It Be Said That This Is : 25. Should it be said (that this is not so) on account of specialisation of abode; we say no, on account of the acknowledgment (of a place of the Self), viz. in the heart. There is a difference. The drop of ointment can produce its effect as at any rate it is in contact with a definite part...
Next. 25. Vai : 25. Vai"s"vnara (is the highest Self), on account of the distinctions qualifying the common term. The "Kh"andogas read in their text, 'You know at present that Vai"s"vnara Self, tell us that,' &c., and further on, 'But he who meditates on the Vai"s"vnara Self as a span long,' 18, 1). The doubt...
Next. 13. The Small Ether Is Brahman : 13. The small (ether) (is Brahman), on account of the subsequent (arguments). The "Kh"andogas have the following text, 'Now in that city of Brahman there is the palace, the small lotus, and in it that small ether. Now what is within that small ether that is to be sought for, that is to be...
Next. Second Pada. 1. Speech With Mind : p. 728 SECOND PDA. 1. Speech with mind, on account of this being seen and of scriptural statement. The Stras now begin an enquiry into the mode of the going to Brahman of him who knows. At first the soul's departure from the body is considered. On this point we have the text, 'When a man departs...
Next. 12. For This Reason Badarayana Holds : 12. For this reason Bdarya"n"a (holds him to be) of both kinds; as in the case of the twelve days' sacrifice. 'For this reason,' i.e. for the reason that the text refers to the wish of the Released, the Reverend Bdarya"n"a is of opinion that the Released may, at his liking, be with or without...
Next. 5. The Non Abandonment Of The Promissory : 5. The non-abandonment of the promissory statement (results) from non-difference. It is not appropriate to assume, from deference to the "Kh"ndogya-text, a secondary meaning for those other texts also which declare Ether to have originated. For the "Kh"ndogyaitself virtually admits the originati...
Next. 14. Sm : 14. Sm"ri"ti texts also declare this. That all beings are under the sway of Yama, Par"s"ara also and other Sm"ri"ti writers declare, 'And all these pass under the sway of Yama.'
Next. 6.the Word 'seeing' Has A Secondary Meaning : p. 203 6. If it be said that (the word 'seeing') has a secondary (figurative) meaning; we deny this, on account of the word 'Self' (being applied to the cause of the world). The contention that, because, in passages standing close by, the word 'seeing' is used in a secondary sense, the 'seeing'...
Next. 41. On Account Of Light Being Seen : 41. On account of light being seen (declared in the text). Between the two texts referring to the Person of the size of a thumb, there is a text declaring that to that Person there belongs light that obscures all other light, and is the cause and assistance of all other light; and such light is...
Next. 12. And Because It Is Directly Stated : 12. And because it is directly stated in Scripture. The text of the same Upanishad directly declares that the being denoted by the word 'Sat' evolves, as the universal Self, names and forms; is all-knowing, all-powerful, all-embracing; is free from all evil, realises all its wishes and purposes...
Next. 30. There Is Something Higher Than That : 30. (There is something) higher than that; on account of the designations of bridge, measure, connexion, and difference. The Stras now proceed to refute an erroneous view based on some fallacious arguments, viz. that there is a being higher even than the highest Brahman, the supreme cause...
Next. Summary Statement As To The Way : Summary Statement As To The Way In Which Different Scriptural Texts Are To Reconciled. The whole matter may be summarily stated as follows. Some texts declare a distinction of nature between non-intelligent matter, intelligent beings, and Brahman, in so far as matter is the object of enjoyment...
Next. 3. That Mind In Breath : 3. That mind in breath, owing to the subsequent clause. That mind, i.e. mind united with all the organs unites itself with breath; not merely the function of mind. This appears from the clause following upon the text quoted above, 'mind (unites itself) with breath.' Here, however, a further doubt...
Next. 44. Moreover It Is So Stated In Smriti : 44. Moreover it is so stated in Sm"ri"ti. Sm"ri"ti moreover declares the individual soul to be a part of the highest Person, 'An eternal part of myself becomes p. 563 the individual soul ("g"va) in the world of life' (Bha. G. XV, 7). For this reason also the soul must be held to be a part...
24. As In The Case Of Sandal Ointment. Part 1 : 24. There is no contradiction, as in the case of sandal-ointment. As a drop of sandal-ointment, although applied to one spot of the body only, yet produces a refreshing sensation extending over the whole body; thus the Self also, although dwelling in one part of the body only, is conscious...
Next. 26. But On Account Of Twofold Designati : 26. But on account of twofold designation, as the snake and its coils. It has been shown in the preceding adhikara"n"a that p. 619 the entire non-sentient universe is the outward form of Brahman. For the purpose of proving Brahman's freedom from all imperfection, an enquiry is now begun ...
Next. Consciousness Is The Attribute : p. 56 Consciousness Is The Attribute Of A Permanent Conscious Self. Let it then be said that consciousness is proof (siddhi"h") itself. Proof of what, we ask in reply, and to whom? If no definite answer can be given to these two questions, consciousness cannot be defined as 'proof'; for 'proof' is...
Next. Third Pada. 1. What Is Understood : p. 629 THIRD PDA. 1. What is understood from all the Vednta-texts (is one), on account of the non-difference of injunction and the rest. The Stras have stated whatever has to be stated to the end of rousing the desire of meditation-concluding with the fact that Brahman bestows rewards. Next...
Next. 45. They Are The Priest's Work : 45. (They are) the priest's work, Au"d"ulomi thinks; since for that he is engaged. The teacher Au"d"ulomi is of opinion that the meditation on the Udgtha and the like is the work of the priest, since it is he who is engaged for the purpose of performing that which gives rise to the fruit, i.e...
Next. 49. And It Is A Mere Apparent Argument : 49. And it is a mere apparent argument. The argumentation by which it is sought to prove that that being whose nature is constituted by absolutely uniform light, i.e. intelligence, is differentiated by limiting adjuncts which presuppose an obscuration of that essential nature, is a mere...
Next. 23. The Stories Told In The Upanishads : 23. Should it be said that (the stories told in the Upanishads) are for the purpose of the Priplava; not so, since (certain stories) are specified. We meet in the Vednta-texts with certain stories such as 'Pratardana the son of Divodsa came to the beloved abode of Indra,' &c., and similar ones...
16. And The Text Says So Much Only : 5. (Meditation) thus being equal, there is combination (of gu"n"as); on account of non-difference of purport in the case of what subserves injunction. The meditation in all Vednta-texts thus being the same, the qualities mentioned in one text are to be combined with those mentioned in another; '...
Next. 11. And On Account Of The Exclusi : 11. And on account of the exclusion of (what is of) another nature (than Brahman). Another nature, i. e. the nature of the Pradhna, and so on. A supplementary passage excludes difference on the part of the Imperishable from the supreme Person. 'That Imperishable, O Grg, is unseen but seeing;...
Next. 22. But Brahman Is Additional, On Account : 22. But (Brahman is) additional, on account of the declaration of difference. The word 'but' sets aside the prim facie view. To the individual soul capable of connexion with the various kinds of pain there is additional, i.e. from it there is different, Brahman.--On what ground?--'Owing...
Next. 25. And On Account Of Both Being Directly : 25. And on account of both being directly declared. The conclusion arrived at above is based not only on scriptural declaration, illustrative instances and statements of reflection; but in addition Scripture directly states that Brahman alone is the material as well as operative cause of the world...
Next. 16. And Because Is Perceived : 16. And because (the cause) is perceived in the existence of the effect. This means--because gold which is the cause is perceived in the existence of its effects, such as earrings and the like; i.e. on account of the recognition of gold which expresses itself in the judgment 'this earring is gold...
Next. 34. So Much. On Account Of Reflection : 34. So much; on account of reflection. Only so much, i.e. only those qualities which have to be included in all meditations on Brahman, without which the essential special nature of Brahman cannot be conceived, i.e. bliss, knowledge, and so on, characterised by absence of grossness and the like...
Next. 41. There Is Non Restriction Of Determinati : 41. There is non-restriction of determination, because this is seen; for there is a separate fruit, viz. non-obstruction. There are certain meditations connected with elements of sacrificial actions; as e.g. 'Let a man meditate on the syllable Om as udgtha.' These meditations are subordinate...
Next. 9. On The Passing Away Of The Effected : 9. On the passing away of the effected (world of Brahma), together with its ruler, (the souls go) to what is higher than that; on account of scriptural declaration. On the passing away of the effected world of Brahma, together with its ruler Hira"n"yagarbha, who then recognises his qualificati...
Next. The Small Siddhanta : THE SMALL SIDDHNTA. To this argumentation we make the following reply. We admit that release consists only in the cessation of Nescience, and that this cessation results entirely from the knowledge of Brahman. But a distinction has here to be made regarding the nature of this knowledge which p. 12...
Next. 48. And On Account Of Non Connectedness : 48. And on account of non-connectedness there is no confusion. Although the souls, as being parts of Brahman and so on, are of essentially the same character, they are actually separate, for each of them is of atomic size and resides in a separate body. For this reason there is no confusi...
Next. In Cases Of Scripture Conflicting With : p. 73 In Cases Of Scripture Conflicting With Perception, Scripture Is Not Stronger. The True Cannot Be Known Through The Untrue. With reference to the assertion (p. 24 ff.) that Perception, which depends on the view of plurality, is based on some defect and hence admits of being otherwise...
Next. 7. And If Another Inference Be Made : 7. And if another inference be made (the result remains unchanged), on account of (the Pradhna) being destitute of the power of a knowing subject. Even if the Pradhna were inferred by some reasoning different from the arguments so far refuted by us, our objections would remain in force because...
Next. 19. For The Same Reason Also During : 19. For the same reason also during the southern progress of the sun. The reasoning stated above also proves that the owner of true knowledge who may happen to die during the southern progress of the sun reaches Brahman. A further doubt, however, arises here. The text 'He who dies during the sun's...
Next. 17. If It Be Said That On Account : 17. If it be said that on account of reference to the other one he is meant; we say no, on account of impossibility. An objection is raised to the argumentation that, on account of complementary passages, the small ether must be explained to mean the highest Self. For, the objector says, a clear...
Next. 6. And On Account Of Smriti : 6. And on account of Sm"ri"ti. 'I dwell within the hearts of all, from me come memory and knowledge, as well as their loss'; 'He who free from delusion knows me to be the highest Person'; 'The Lord, O Ar"g"una, is seated in the heart of all Beings, driving round by his mysterious power all beings...
10. And On Account Of The Objections To His : 10. And on account of the objections to his view. The theory of Brahman being the universal cause has to be accepted not only because it is itself free from objections, but also because the pradhna theory is open to objections, and hence must be abandoned. For on this latter theory the originati...
Next. 11. The Highest. On Account Of Primariness : 11. The Highest, "G"aimini thinks; on account of primariness of meaning. The teacher "G"aimini is of opinion that those deities lead on the souls of those only who meditate on the highest Brahman. For in the text 'a person not human leads them to Brahman' the word Brahman is naturally taken in its...
Next. 21. The Third Term Includes That Which : 21. The third term includes that which springs from heat. p. 596 Creatures sprung from heat are included in the third term--viz. that which springs from a germ--which is exhibited in the text quoted. The settled conclusion therefore is that the evil-doers do not go to the moon.--Here terminates...
Next. 10. And This Supporting Springs From Command : 10. And this (supporting) (springs) from command. The text declares that this supporting of ether and all other things proceeds from command. 'In the command of that Imperishable sun and moon stand, held apart; in the command of that Imperishable heaven and earth stand, held apart,' &c. Now such...
Next. First Pada. 1. Want Of Room For Other : p. 408 SECOND ADHYYA FIRST PDA. 1. If it be said that there would result the fault of there being no room for (certain) Sm"ri"tis: (we reply) 'no,' because there would result the fault of want of room for other Sm"ri"tis. The first adhyya has established the truth that what the Vednta-texts teach...
Next. 45. And On Account Of The Transfer : 45. And on account of the transfer. That the altar built of thought is an optional substitute for the altar built of bricks, and of the nature of an action, appears therefrom also that the clause 'of these each one is as great as that previous one,' explicitly transfers to the altars of mind...
13. But Of The Others Having Enjoyed In Samyam. Part 02 : 13. But of the others having enjoyed in Sa"m"yamana, there is ascent and descent; as such a course is declared. Of the others, i.e. those who do not perform sacrifices, and so on, there is ascent to the moon and descent from there, only after they have in the kingdom of Yama suffered...
8. On Account Of There Being No Special Characteristic : 9. Not so; as there are parallel instances. The teaching of the Vednta-texts is not inappropriate, since there are instances of good and bad qualities being separate in the case of one thing connected with two p. 422 different states. The 'but' in the Stra indicates the impossibility of Brahm...
Next. 11. It Is Designated As Having Five : 11. It is designated as having five functions like mind. As desire, and so on, are not principles different from mind, although they are different functions and produce different effects--according to the text, 'Desire, purpose, doubt, faith, want of faith, firmness, absence of firmness, shame...
Next. 5. But There Is Denotation Of The Superintending : 5. But (there is) denotation of the superintending (deities), on account of distinction and entering. The word 'but' is meant to set aside the objection started. In texts such as 'to him the earth said,' the terms 'earth' and so on, denote the divinities presiding over earth and the rest.--How is...
Next. 24. Into Plants Animated : 24. Into (plants) animated by other souls, because the statement is as in the previous cases. The text declares that (he descending souls are born as rice, corn, &c., 'they are born here as rice, corn, herbs, trees,' or whether the descending souls themselves are born with those plants for their...
Next. 20. And On Account Of Its Being Seen : 20. And on account of its being seen. And it is seen in Scripture also, that the bodies of some beings originate independently of the fifth oblation: 'Of all beings there are indeed three origins only, that which springs from an egg, that which springs from a living being, that which springs...
Next. 46. And Sm : 46. And Sm"ri"ti texts declare this. That the world and Brahman stand to each other in the relation of part and whole, the former being like the light and the latter like the luminous body, or the former being like the power and the latter like that in which the power inheres, or the former being...
24. As In The Case Of Sandal Ointment : p. 568 FOURTH PDA. 1. Thus the pr"n"as. After having taught that Ether and all the other elements are effects, and hence have originated, the Stras had shown that the individual soul, although likewise an effect, does not originate in the sense of undergoing a change of essential nature; and had...
Next. 15. From Connexion : 15. From connexion. The fact is that Brahman intelligent, consisting of bliss, --he wished, may I be many;--he created all whatever there is. Having created he entered into it; having entered it he became sat and tyat') clearly refers to Brahman consisting of Bliss, which realises its purposes...
Next. 20. And Thus Perception And Inference Show : 20. And thus Perception and Inference show. p. 769 That the energies connected with the rule of the entire world are exclusive attributes of the highest Person, Scripture and Sm"ri"ti alike declare. Compare scriptural texts such as 'From fear of him the wind blows, By the command of th...
Next. 4. Scripture Also Declares This : 4. Scripture also declares this. Scripture also shows that (identical) meditation is what all the Vednta-texts intimate. The "Kh"ndogya (VIII, 1, 1 ff.) declares that that which is within the small space in the heart is to be enquired into, and then in reply to the p. 632 question what the thing...
Next. 37. And On Account Of The Procedure : 37. And on account of the procedure, on the ascertainment of the non-being of that. That a "S"dra is not qualified for knowledge of Brahman appears from that fact also that as soon as Gautama has convinced himself that "G"bla, who wishes to become his pupil, is not a "S"dra, he proceeds to teach...
Next. 4. And Because There Is Denotati : 4. And because there is (separate) denotation of the object and the agent. The clause 'When I shall have departed from hence I shall obtain him' denotes the highest Brahman as the object to be obtained, and the individual soul as that which obtains it. This shows that the soul which obtains is...
Next. 32. If It Be Said That Brahman Is Not Meant : 32. If it be said (that Brahman is not meant) on account of characteristic marks of the individual soul and the chief vital air; we say no, on account of the threefoldness of meditation; on account of (such threefold meditation) being met (in other texts also); and on account of (such threefold...
Next. 16. There Is Reference To The Self : 16. There is reference to the Self, as in other places; on account of the subsequent passage. In the clause,'different from that is the Self of bliss,' the term Self can refer to the highest Self only; 'as in other cases,' i.e. as in other passages--'the Self only was this in the beginning; it...
Next. 5. Or That Also From Connexion With The Body : 5. Or that (results) also from connexion with the body. The obscuration of the soul's true nature results either from the soul's connexion with the body or from its connexion with the power of matter in a subtle state. As long as the creation lasts, the soul is obscured by its connexion with...
Next. 20. The Participation On Brahman's : 20. The participation (on Brahman's part) in increase and decrease, due to its abiding within (is denied); on account of the appropriateness of both (comparisons), and because thus it is seen. The comparison of the highest Self to the reflected sun and the rest is meant only to deny of the Self...
Next. 17. But, Of Knowledge And Work As These : 17. But, of knowledge and work--as these are the leading topics. The 'but' sets aside the view developed so far. It cannot be admitted that those also who do not perform sacrifices, and so on, reach the moon; because the path of the gods and the path of the fathers are meant for the enjoyment...
Next. Pratyaksha Even Of The Nirvikalpak : Pratyaksha--even Of The Nirvikalpaka Kind--proves Difference. Perception in the next place--with its two subdivisions of non-determinate (nirvikalpaka) and determinate (savikalpaka) perception--also cannot be a means of knowledge for things devoid of difference. Determinate perception clearly h...
Next. 17. And On Account Of The Existence : 17. And on account of the existence of that which is posterior. p. 465 On account of the existence of the posterior, i.e. the effect existing in the cause--for this reason also the effect is non-different from the cause. For in ordinary language as well as in the Veda the effect is spoken...
Next. The Bhedabheda View Is Untenable : The Bhedbheda View Is Untenable. The same arguments tend to refute the view that there is difference and absence of difference at the same time (the so-called bhedbheda view). Take the judgment 'This is such and such'; how can we realise here the non-difference of 'being this' and 'being such...
Next. 63. Rather Not, As The Text Does Not : 63. Rather not, as the text does not declare their going together. It is not true that the meditations on the Udgtha and the rest are bound to the sacrifices in the same way as the Udgtha, and so on, themselves are; for Scripture does not declare that they go together with, i.e. are subordinate...
Next. 17. Following The Rays : 17. Following the rays. Scripture teaches that the soul of him who knows, after having passed forth from the heart by way of the hundred and first artery, follows the rays of the sun and thus reaches the disc of the sun: 'when he departs from this body he goes upwards by these rays only' (eva)...
Next. 2. But On Account Of Water Consisting : 2. But on account of (water) consisting of the three elements; on account of predominance. Water alone could not produce a new body; for the text "Kh". Up. VI, 3, 4, 'Each of these he made tripartite,' shows that all the elements were' made tripartite to the end of producing bodies. That the text...
Next. 10. And On Account Of Smriti : 10. And on account of Sm"ri"ti. This follows from Sm"ri"ti also, which declares 'when the pralaya has come and the end of the Highest, they all together with Brahman enter the highest place.'--For all these reasons Bdari holds that the troop of the conducting deities, beginning with Light, leads...
Next. 2. Brahman Is That From Which The Orig : 2. (Brahman is that) from which the origin, &c., of this (world proceed). The expression 'the origin', &c., means 'creation, subsistence, and reabsorption'. The 'this' (in 'of this') denotes this entire world with its manifold wonderful arrangements, not to be fathomed by thought, and comprising...
Next. 24. For The Same Reason Breath Is Brahman : 24. For the same reason breath (is Brahman). We read in the "Kh"ndogya (I, 10; ii), 'Prastot"ri", that deity which belongs to the Prastva,' and further on, 'which then is that deity? He said--Breath. For all these beings merge into breath alone, and from breath they arise. This is the deity...
Next. 18. Not Any Other, On Account Of N : 18. Not any other, on account of non-permanency of abode, and of impossibility. As the reflected Self and the other Selfs mentioned by the Prvapakshin do not necessarily abide within the eye, and as conditionless immortality and the other qualities (ascribed in the text to the Person with...
Next. 36. On Account Of The Reference : 36. On account of the reference to ceremonial purifications, and on account of the declaration of their absence. In sections the purport of which is to give instruction about Brahman the ceremony of initiation is referred to, 'I will initiate you; he initiated him' ("Kh." Up. IV, 4). p. 343...
Next. 42. Or, If They Are Of The Nature : 42. Or, if they are of the nature of that which is knowledge and so on, there is no contradiction to that (i.e. the Bhgavata doctrine). The 'or' sets aside the view previously maintained. By 'that which is knowledge and so on' 1 we have to understand the highest Brahman. If Sankarsha"n"...
Next. 10. On Account Of Non Difference : 10. On account of non-difference of everything, those elsewhere. The "Kh"ndogya and the Va"g"asaneyaka alike record a meditation on Pra"n"a; the object of meditation being Pra"n"a as possessing the qualities of being the oldest and the best, and also as possessing certain other qualities such...
Next. 23. And For The Same Reason The Holding : p. 643 23. And for the same reason the holding together and the pervading the sky. In the Taittiriyaka and in the khilas of the R"n"yanyas we have the following passage: 'Gathered together are the powers among which Brahman is the oldest; Brahman as the oldest in the beginning stretched out...
Next. There Is No Consciousness Without Object : There Is No Consciousness Without Object. Nor is there any consciousness devoid of objects; for nothing of this kind is ever known. Moreover, the self-luminousness of consciousness has, by our opponent himself, been proved on the ground that its essential nature consists in illumining (revealing)...
Next. 8. And On Account Of The Suitability : 8. And on account of the suitability of the attributes. The attributes also which the text ascribes to the bhman suit the highest Self only. So immortality ('The Bhman is immortal,' VII, 24, 1); not being based on something else ('it rests in its own greatness'); being the Self of all ('the bhm...
Next. 30. And There Is No Objection, Since : 30. And there is no objection, since (the quality of knowledge) exists wherever the Self is; this being observed. Since knowledge is an attribute which is met with wherever a Self is, there is no objection to the Self being designated by that attribute. Similarly we observe that special kinds...
Next. 29. And On Account Of The Equality : 29. And on account of the equality of names and forms there is no contradiction, even in the renovation (of the world); as appears from--Sruti and Sm"ri"ti. On account of the sameness of names and forms, as stated before, there is no difficulty in the way of the origination of the world, even...
Next. 26. And There Is Need Of All Works : 26. And there is need of all (works), on account p. 699 of the scriptural statement of sacrifices and the rest; as in the case of the horse. If knowledge (meditation), without any reference to sacrifices and the like, is able to bring about immortality, it must be capable of accomplishing this...
Next. 21. From The Designation Of The 'other' : 21. From the designation of the 'other' (as non-different from Brahman) there result (Brahman's) not creating what is beneficial, and other imperfections. 'Thou art that'; 'this Self is Brahman'--these and similar texts which declare the non-difference of the world from Brahman, teach, as has been...
Next. 2. And On Account Of Its Being Declared : 2. And on account of its being declared that to which the released have to resort. The Person who is the abode of heaven, earth, and so p. 298 on, is also declared by the text to be what is to be reached by those who are released from the bondage of Sa"m"sra existence. 'When the seer sees...
Next. 12. Should It Be Said That Inference : 12. Should it be said that inference is to be carried on in a different way; (we reply that) thus also it follows that (the objection raised) is not got rid of. Let us then view the matter as follows. The arguments actually set forth by Buddha and others may have to be considered as invalid, but...
Next. 8. And On Account Of Meditation : 8. And on account of meditation. Since, as intimated by the text,'the Self is to be meditated p. 721 upon,' the mental activity in question is of the nature of meditation, it requires as its necessary condition concentration of mind. For by meditation is understood thought directed upon one object...
Next. 34. And On Account Of Gana : 34. And on account of ("G"na"s"ruti ) kshattriya-hood being understood. The first section of the vidy tells us that "G"na"s"ruti bestowed much wealth and food; later on he is represented as sending his door-keeper on an errand; and in the end, as bestowing on Raikva many villages--which shows him...
Next. 12. The Breath, And So On, On The Ground : p. 373 12. The breath, and so on, on the ground of the complementary passage. We see from a complementary passage, viz. 'They who know the breath of breath, the eye of the eye, the ear of the ear, the food of food, the mind of mind,' that the 'five-people' are the breath, and eye, and so on, all...
Next. 14. If It Be Said That From Brahm : 14. If it be said that from (Brahman) becoming an enjoyer, there follows non-distinction (of Brahman and the individual soul); we reply--it may be as in ordinary life. The Snkhya here comes forward with a new objection. You maintain, he says, that the highest Brahman has the character either...
10. And On Account Of The Objections To His View : 4. Nor like grass and so on; because (milk) does not exist elsewhere. This argumentation does not hold good; for as grass and the like do not transform themselves without the guidance of an intelligent principle, your proving instance is not established.--But why is it not established?--'Because...
Next. 17. According To Some A Class Of Good : 17. According to some (a class of good works) other than these, of both kinds. The text quoted above from one "s"kh ('His friends enter upon his good deeds') refers to good works other than the Agnihotra and the rest, the only object of which is to give rise to knowledge, viz. to all those...
Next. 33. And Likewise Non Entireness Of The Self : 33. And likewise non-entireness of the Self. On your view there would likewise follow non-entireness of the Self. For your opinion is that souls abide in numberless places, each soul having the same size as the body which it animates. When, therefore, the soul previously abiding in the body...
Next. 23. And As In The Analogous Case : 23. And as in the analogous case of stones and the like, there is impossibility of that. In the same way as it is impossible that the different non-sentient things such as stones, iron, wood, herbs, &c., which are of an extremely low constitution and subject to constant change, should be one...
Next. 55. There Is Pre Eminence Of Plenitude : 55. There is pre-eminence of plenitude, as in the case of the sacrifice; for thus Scripture shows. The sacred text ("Kh". Up. V, 12 ff.) enjoins a meditation on Vai"s"vnara, the object of which is the highest Self, as having for its body the entire threefold world, and for its limbs the heavenly...
Next. Fourth Pada. 1. The Benefit To M : p. 686 FOURTH PDA. 1. The benefit to man results from thence, on account of scriptural statement; thus Bdarya"n"a thinks. We have concluded the investigation into the oneness or diverseness of meditations--the result of which is to indicate in which cases the special points mentioned in several...
Next. 22. Non Return, According To Scripture : 22. Non-return, according to Scripture; non-return, according to Scripture. We know from Scripture that there is a Supreme Person whose nature is absolute bliss and goodness; who is fundamentally antagonistic to all evil; who is the cause of the origination, sustentation, and dissoluti...
Next. 22. If It Be Said That The Soul Is : 22. If it be said that (the soul) is not atomic, on account of scriptural statement of (what is) not that; we say no, on account of the other one being the topic. The passage 'He who is within the heart, surrounded by the Pr"n"as, the person consisting of knowledge' (B"ri". Up. IV, 3, 7)...
Next. 35. On Account Of The Inferential Sign : 35. On account of the inferential sign further on, together with "K"aitraratha. The kshattriya-hood of "G"na"s"ruti is further to be accepted on account of the Kshattriya Abhipratrin "K"aitraratha, who is mentioned further on in this very same Sa"m"vargavidy which Raikva imparts to "G"na"s"ruti...
Next. 9. The Eater Is The Highest Self : 9. The eater (is the highest Self) on account of there being taken all that is movable and immovable. We read in the Ka"th"avall (I, 3, 25), 'Who then knows where he is to whom the Brahmans and Kshattriyas are but food, and death itself a condiment? 'A doubt here arises whether the 'eater'...
Next. The True Meaning Of Svayamprakasatva : The True Meaning Of Svaya"m"praksatva. We next take up the point as to the self-luminousness of consciousness (above, p. 33). The contention that consciousness is not an object holds good for the knowing Self at the p. 48 time when it illumines (i.e. constitutes as its objects) other things; but...
Next. Nor Do Smriti And Purana Teach Such : Nor Do Sm"ri"ti And Pur"n"a Teach Such A Doctrine. Nor is it true that also according to Sm"ri"ti and Pur"n"as only non-differenced consciousness is real and everything else unreal.--'He who knows me as unborn and without a beginning, the supreme Lord of the worlds' (Bha. G. X, 3); 'All beings...
Next. Second Pada. 1. Not That Which Is Inferred : p. 480 SECOND PDA. 1. Not that which is inferred, on account of the impossibility of construction, and on account of activity. The Stras have so far set forth the doctrine that the highest Brahman is the cause of the origination and so on of the world, and have refuted the objections raised by...
Next. 52. Should It Be Said That That Is : 52. Should it be said (that that is possible) owing to the difference of place; we deny this, on account of (all updhis) being within (all places). Although Brahman is one only and not to be split by the several limiting adjuncts with which it is connected, p. 567 yet the separation of the spheres...
Next. First Pada. 1. Repetition : p. 715 FOURTH ADHYYA FIRST PDA. 1. Repetition, on account of the text teaching (what has to be done more than once). The third adhyya was concerned with the consideration of meditation, together with its means. The Stras now enter on a consideration of the results of meditation, after a further...
Next. 19. But Because It Is Not Apprehended : 19. But because it is not apprehended like water, there is no equality. The 'but' indicates an objection.--The highest Self is not apprehended in earth and other places in the same way as the sun or a face is apprehended in water or a mirror. For the sun and a face are erroneously apprehended...
Next. 51. And It Is Thus Also In The Case : 51. And it is thus also in the case of purposes and so on. For the same reason there can be no definite restriction in the case of purposes and so on which are the causes of the,different ad"ri"sh"t"as. (For they also cannot introduce plurality into Brahman that is fundamentally one.)
Next. 30. On Account Of The Impossibility : 30. On account of the impossibility (of qualification for the madhuvidy, &c.) ("G"aimini maintains the non-qualification (of gods, &c.). So far it has been proved that also the gods, and so on, are qualified for the knowledge of Brahman. But a further point here presents itself for considerati...
Next. 40. On Account Of The Impossibility : 40. On account of the impossibility of origination. The Stras now proceed to refute a further doubt, viz. p. 524 that the Pa"k"artra tantra--which sets forth the means of attaining supreme beatitude, as declared by the Lord (Bhagavat)--may also be destitute of authority, in so far, namely...
Next. 19. The Internal Ruler. Is The Highest Self : 19. The internal Ruler (referred to) in the clauses with respect to the gods, with respect to the worlds, &c. (is the highest Self), because the attributes of that are designated. The V"g"asaneyins, of the K"n"wa as well as the Mdhyandina branch, have the following text: 'He who p. 279 dwelling...
3. On Account Of Such Conduct Being Seen : 32. The works of the "s"ramas also, on account of their being enjoined. It has been said that sacrifices and other works are auxiliary to the knowledge of Brahman. The doubt now arises whether those works are to be performed by him also who merely wishes to fulfil the duties of his "s"ram...
Next. 23. On Account Of The Term, The One Measured : 23. On account of the term, the one measured. We read in the Ka"th"avall 'The Person of the size of a thumb stands in the middle of the Self, as lord of the past and the future, and henceforward fears no more'; 'That Person of the size of a thumb is like a light without smoke,' 13). And '...
Next. 25. And As In The Case Of The Gods : 25. And as in the case of the gods and so on, in (their) world. As the gods and similar exalted beings create, each in his own world, whatever they require by their mere volition, so the Supreme Person creates by his mere volition the entire world. That the gods about whose powers we know...
Next. 25. The Light Is Brahman : 25. The light (is Brahman), on account of the mention of feet. We read in the "Kh"ndogya. (III, 13, 7), 'Now that light which shines above this heaven, higher than everything, in the highest worlds beyond which there are no other worlds, that is the same light which is within man.'--Here a doubt...
Next. 25. Not From Non Entity, This Not Being : 25. Not from non-entity, this not being observed. So far we have set forth the arguments refuting the views of the Vaibhshikas as well as the Sautrntikas--both which schools maintain the reality of external things.--Now the Sautrntika comes forward and opposes one of the arguments set forth by us...
Next. 2. But The Subtle Body, On Account : 2. But the subtle (body), on account of its capability. The elements in their fine state are what is called the 'Unevolved,' and this entering into a particular condition becomes the body. It is the 'Unevolved' in the particular condition of the body, which in the text under discussion is called...
Next. 13. In The Absence Of A Body : 13. In the absence of a body, as in the state of dream; that being possible. As in the absence of a body and other instruments of enjoyment created by himself, the Released may undergo experiences of pleasure by means of instruments created by the highest Person, the Released, although capable...
Next. 3. But, On Account Of Impossibility : 3. But, on account of impossibility, not the embodied soul. Those who fully consider this infinite multitude of exalted qualities will recognise that not even a shadow of them can belong to the individual soul--whether in the state of bondage or that of release--which is a thing as insignificant...
Next. 40. But Of Him Who Has Become Th : 40. But of him who has become that there is no becoming not that, according to "G"aimini also, on account of (Scripture) restraining from the absence of the forms of that. The doubt here arises whether those also who have fallen from the state of life of a Naish"th"ika, Vaikhnasa or Privr"g"ak...
Next. 19. On Account Of The Connected Meaning : 19. On account of the connected meaning of the sentences. In spite of the conclusion arrived at there may remain a suspicion that here and there in the Upanishads texts are to be met with which aim at setting forth the soul as maintained in Kapila's system, and that hence there is no room...
Next. 38. Wishes And The Rest, Here And There : 38. Wishes and the rest, here and there; (as is known from the abode, and so on). We read in the "Kh"ndogya (VIII, I, 1), 'There is that city of Brahman, and in it the palace, the small lotus, and in it that small ether,' and in the V"g"asaneyaka, 'He is that great unborn Self who consists...
Next. 15. They, With The Excepti : 15. They, with the exception of the best, are organs, on account of being so designated. Are all principles called pr"n"as to be considered as 'organs' (indriy"n"i), or is the 'best,' i.e. the chief pr"n"a, to be excepted?--All of them, without exception, are organs; for they all are called...
Next. 56. The Meditations Are Separate : 56. (The meditations are) separate, on account of the difference of words, and so on. The instances coming under this head of discussion are all those meditations on Brahman which have for their only result final Release, which consists in attaining to Brahman--such as the meditation on that which...
Next. 34. Nor Also Is There Non Contradiction : 34. Nor also is there non-contradiction from paryya; on account of change, and so on. Nor is the difficulty to be evaded by the assumption of the soul assuming a different condition through contraction or dilatation. For this would imply that the soul is subject p. 520 to change, and all...
Next. 7. Sitting. On Account Of Possibility : 7. Sitting; on account of possibility. It has been shown that that special form of cognitional activity which the Vednta-texts set forth as the means of accomplishing final Release and which is called meditation (dhyna; upsana) has to be frequently repeated, and is of the nature of continued...
Next. 31. On Account Of Meditation, Badari Thinks : 31. On account of meditation, Bdari thinks. The teacher Bdari thinks that the representation in the text of the supreme Self in the form of a man is for the purpose of devout meditation. 'He who in this way meditates on that Vai"s"vnara Self as "prde"s"amtra" and "abhivimna," he eats food in all...
Next. 34. In Any Case They Are The Same : 34. In any case they are the same, on account of twofold inferential signs. There is no radical difference of works; but in any case, i.e. whether they be viewed as duties incumbent on the "s"rama or as auxiliary to knowledge, sacrifices and other works are one and the same. For Scripture...
Next. 8. On The Passing Away Of The Works : 8. On the passing away of the works, with a remainder, according to Scripture and Sm"ri"ti; as it went and not so. The text declares that those who only perform sacrifices and useful works ascend by the road of the fathers, and again return to the earth when they have fully enjoyed the fruit...
Next. 37. From Thence The Reward. On Account : 37. From thence the reward; on account of possibility. It has been shown, for the purpose of giving rise to a desire for devout meditation, that the soul in all its states is imperfect, while the Supreme Person to be reached by it is free from imperfections, the owner of blessed qualities...
Next. 8. But On Account Of The Teaching : 8. But on account of the teaching of the different one, Badarya"n"a's (view is valid); as this is seen. Knowledge by itself benefits man; since Scripture teaches that the object of knowledge is the highest Brahman which, as it is of an absolutely faultless and perfect nature, is other th...
Next. 10. And Sm : 10. And Sm"ri"ti texts say the same. Sm"ri"ti texts also declare that he only who sits can meditate, 'Having placed his steady seat upon a pure spot, there seated upon that seat, concentrating his mind he should practise Yoga' (Bha. G. VI, 11-12).
Next. First Pada. 1. In Obtaining Another : p. 584 THIRD ADHYYA. FIRST PDA. 1. In obtaining another of that, it goes enveloped, (as appears) from question and explanation. That the Vednta-texts establish as the proper object of meditation, on the part of all men desirous of Release, the highest Brahman, which is the only cause of the entire...
Next. 11. On Account Of The Uniformity Of View : 11. On account of the uniformity of view. 'In the beginning the Self was all this; there was nothing else whatsoever thinking. He thought, shall I send forth worlds? He sent forth these worlds' (Ait. r. II, 4, 1, 1); 'From that Self sprang ether, from ether air, from air fire, from fire water...
Next. 47. And On Account Of The Greater Strength : 47. And on account of the greater strength of direct statement, and so on, there is no refutation. The weaker means of proof, constituted by so-called leading subject-matter, cannot refute what is established by three stronger means of proof--direct statement, inferential mark, and syntactical...
Next. 8. If That Be Declared On Account : 8. If that be declared on account of name; (we object, since) that is also (where the objects of injunction differ). If the oneness of the vidys be maintained on the ground that both have the same name, viz. udgtha-vidy, we point out that oneness is found also where the objects enjoined are...
Next. 32. There Is No Restriction Since All : 32. There is no restriction (since) all (have to go on that path). (Thus) there is non-contradiction of sacred text and Sm"ri"ti. The question here is whether Brahman is to be reached on the path of the gods by those only who take their stand on those meditations which, like the Upako"s"ala-vidy...
Next. 49. Not Manifesting Itself. On Account : 49. Not manifesting itself; on account of the connexion. In the text discussed above we meet with the word 'blya,' which may mean either 'being a child' or 'being and doing like a child.' The former meaning is excluded, as that particular age which is called childhood cannot be assumed at will...
Next. 14. And On Account Of Brahman As Described : 14. And on account of (Brahman) as described being declared to be the cause with regard to Ether, and so on. Here the philosopher who holds the Pradhna to be the general cause comes forward with another objection. The Vednta-texts, he says, do not teach that creation proceeds from one and the same...
Next. 31. Not, On Account Of The Absence Of Organs : 31. Not, on account of the absence of organs; this has been explained (before). Although the one Brahman is different from all other beings and endowed with all powers, we yet infer from the text 'Of him there is known no effect and no instrument,' that as it is destitute of instruments it cannot...
Next. 32. On Account Of Imaginative Identificati : 32. On account of imaginative identification, thus "G"aimini thinks; for thus the text declares. The teacher "G"aimini is of opinion that the altar is stated to be the chest of Vai"s"vnara, and so on, in order to effect an imaginative identification of the offering to Pr"n"a which is daily...
Next. 10. In The Swooning Person There Is : 10. In the swooning person there is half-combination; this being the remaining (hypothesis). With regard to a person lying in a swoon or stunned, the question arises whether that state of swoon is one of the other states, viz. deep sleep and so on, or whether it is a special condition of its own...
Next. 5. On Account Of The Taking Hold Together : 5. On account of the taking hold together. The text 'then both knowledge and work take hold of him' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 2) shows that knowledge and work go together, and this going together is possible only if, in the manner stated, knowledge is subordinate to work.
Next. 13. Earth On Account Of The Subject Matter : 13. Earth on account of the subject-matter, the colour, and other texts. That the word 'food' denotes the earth is to be inferred from the fact that the section in which the word occurs has for its subject-matter the creation of the elements; as everything eatable is a product of the earth...
Next. 16. And On Account Of The Settled Meaning : 16. And on account of the settled meaning. The word 'ether,' moreover, is known to have, among p. 320 other meanings, that of Brahman. Compare 'For who could breathe, who could breathe forth, if that ether were not bliss?' (Taitt. Up. II, 7); 'All these beings take their rise from the ether' ("Kh"...
Next. 29. And On Account Of Denial : p. 621 29. And on account of denial. Texts such as 'This is that great unborn Self, undecaying, undying' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 25), 'By the old age of the body that does not age' ("Kh". Up. VIII, 1, 5), deny of Brahman the properties of non-sentient matter. From this it follows that the relati...
Next. 24. And There Is Non Difference : 24. And there is non-difference (of the intention of Brahman's distinguishing attributes), as in the case of light; and the light (is) intuited as constituting Brahman's essential nature by repetition of the practice (of meditation). That the clause 'not so' negatives not Brahman's possessing two...
Next. 9. But The Declarations Are Equal : 9. But the declarations are equal. The argument that knowledge must be held subordinate to work because we learn from Scripture that those who know Brahman perform sacrificial works, will not hold good; since, on the other hand, we also see that men knowing Brahman abandoned all work; cp. texts...
Next. 27. If It Be Said That A Contradicti : 27. If it be said (that a contradiction will result) with regard to words; we say no, since beings originate from them (as appears) from perception and inference. Well then let us admit that there is no difficulty as far as sacrifices are concerned, for the reason stated in the preceding Stra. But...
19. That Which Is Not Within Change : INDEX OF SANSKRIT WORDS a"ms"a, part, 88, 191, 559, 619 sq. akshara, the Imperishable, 125, 287, 309, 403, 653. akhyti, the view that the attribute of one thing appears as that of another, 118. Agnirahasya, chapter in the V"g"asaneyaka (Sat. Bra. X), 668. Agnividy, knowledge of the Fires (i.e. "Kh"...
Next. The Conscious Subject Persists : The Conscious Subject Persists In The State Of Release. To maintain that the consciousness of the 'I' does not persist in the state of final release is again altogether inappropriate. p. 70 [paragraph continues] It in fact amounts to the doctrine--only expressed in somewhat different words--th...
Next. 11. The Presence : 11. The presence, "G"aimini holds; because the text declares manifoldness. The teacher "G"aimini holds that the Released one has a body and senses; because the text declares manifoldness--'He is onefold, he is threefold, he is fivefold, he is sevenfold' ("Kh". Up. VII, 26, 2). The Self which is...
Next. The View That The Conscious Subject : The View That The Conscious Subject Is Something Unreal, Due To The Aha"m"kra, Cannot Be Maintained. We turn to a further point. You maintain that consciousness which is in reality devoid alike of objects and substrate presents itself, owing to error, in the form of a knowing subject, just...
Next. 23. Brahman Is The Material Cause : 23. (Brahman is) the material cause on account of this not being in conflict with the promissory statements and the illustrative instances. The claims raised by the atheistic Snkhya having thus been disposed of, the theistic Snkhya comes forward as an opponent. It must indeed be admitted, he says...
Next. 5. Seeing That Which Is Not Founded : 5. On account of seeing (i.e. thinking) that which is not founded on Scripture (i.e. the Pradhna) is not (what is taught by the texts referring to the origination of the world). We have maintained that what is taught by the texts relative to the origination of the world is Brahman, omniscient...
Next. 14. With The Highest. For Thus It Says : p. 737 14. With the Highest; for thus it says. It has been shown that at the time of departure from the body the soul together with the organs and pr"n"as unites itself with the subtle elements, fire and the rest; and the notion that the soul of him who knows forms an exception has been disposed...
Next. 39. And On Account Of Smriti : 39. And on account of Sm"ri"ti. Sm"ri"ti also declares this prohibition of hearing, and so on. 'The ears of him who hears the Veda are to be filled with molten lead and lac; if he pronounces it his tongue is to be slit; if he preserves it his body is to be cut through.' And 'He is not to teach him...
Next. 22. There Is Entering Into Similarity : 22. There is entering into similarity of being with those, there being a reason. The text describes the manner in which those who perform sacrifices, and so on, descend from the moon as follows: 'They return again that way as they came, to the ether, from the ether to the air. Then having become...
2. The Scriptural Statement Of The Plural : 12. Of those also who do not perform sacrifices (the ascent) is declared by Scripture. It has been said that those who perform only sacrifices, and so on, go to the moon and thence return with a remainder of their works. The question now arises whether those also who do not perform sacrifices go...
Next. 7. The Absence Of That Takes Place : 7. The absence of that takes place in the n"d"s and in the Self, according to scriptural statement. Next the state of deep dreamless sleep is enquired into. Scripture says, 'When a man is asleep, reposing and at perfect rest, so that he sees no dream, then he lies asleep in those n"d"s' ("Kh". Up...
Next. 5. But The Hands : 5. But the hands and so on also; (since they assist the soul) abiding (in the body). Hence (it is) not so. The organs are not seven only, but eleven, since the hands and the rest also contribute towards the experience and fruition of that which abides in the body, i.e. the soul, and have their...
Next. 19. For This Very Reason The Individual : 19. For this very reason (the individual soul is) a knower. It has been shown that, different therein from Ether and the rest, the soul is not produced. This leads to the consideration of the soul's essential nature. Is that essential nature constituted by mere intelligence as Sugata and Kapil...
Next. 4. That Is United With The Ruler : 4. That (is united) with the ruler, on account of the going to it, and so on. As from the statements that speech becomes united with mind and mind with breath it follows that speech and p. 730 mind are united with mind and breath only; so we conclude from the subsequent clause 'breath with fire'...
Next. 13. And There Is No Aiming At The Effected : 13. And there is no aiming at the effected (Brahman). The aim of the soul is not at Hira"n"yagarbha, but at the highest Brahman itself. For the complementary sentence 'I am the glorious among Brhma"n"as' shows that what the soul aims at is the condition of the universal Self, which has for its...
Next. 4. On Account Of Direct Scriptural Statement : 4. On account of direct scriptural statement. Scripture itself directly declares knowledge to be subordinate to works, 'whatever he does with knowledge, with faith, with the Upanishad, that is more vigorous'. Nor can it be said that this text refers, on the ground of leading subject-matter...
Next. 16. On Account Of His Activity There : 16. On account of his activity there also, there is no contradiction. As their going to those seven places also is due to the command of Yama, there is no contradiction.--Thus those also who do not perform sacrifices, and so on, after having gone to the world of Yama, and there undergone...
Next. 23. Not Very Long. On Account Of Special : 23. Not very long; on account of special statement. Does the soul in its descent through ether, and so on, stay at each stage for a not very long time, or is there nothing to define that time?--It stays at each stage for an indefinite time, there being nothing to define the time.-- p. 597 Not so...
Next. Fourth Pada. 1. If It Be Said Th : p. 354 FOURTH PDA. 1. If it be said that some (mention) that which rests on Inference; we deny this because (the form) refers to what is contained in the simile of the body; and (this the text) shows. So far the Stras have given instruction about a Brahman, the enquiry into which serves as a means...
Next. 2. And On Account Of The Non Percepti : 2. And on account of the non-perception (of truth on the part) of others. The 'and' in the Stra has the force of 'but,' being meant to dispel the doubt raised. There are many other authors of Sm"ri"tis, such as Manu, who through the power of their meditation had attained insight into the highest...
Next. 33. But It Is Mere Sport, As In Ordinary : 33. But (it is) mere sport, as in ordinary life. The motive which prompts Brahman--all whose wishes are fulfilled and who is perfect in himself--to the creation of a world comprising all kinds of sentient and non-sentient beings dependent on his volition, is nothing else but sport, play. We see...
Next. 20. It Is A Mark Indicating Th : 20. (It is) a mark indicating that the promissory statement is proved; thus "s"marathya thinks. According to the teacher "s"marathya the circumstance that terms denoting the individual soul are used to denote Brahman is a mark enabling us to infer that the promissory declaration according to which...
Next. 44. And On Account Of Such Words As Lord : 44. And on account of such words as Lord. That embracing highest Self is further on designated by terms such as Lord, and so on. 'He is the Lord of all, the master of all, the ruler of all. He does not become greater by good works, nor smaller by evil works. He is the lord of all, the king...
Next. 8. And Even If It Be Admitted. On Account : 8. And even if it be admitted; on account of the absence of a purpose. Even if it were admitted that the Pradhna is established by Inference, the Snkhya theory could not be accepted for the reason that the Pradhna is without a purpose. For, according to the view expressed in the passage, 'In order...
Next. 21. And On Account Of The Latter Two : p. 547 21. And on account of the latter two (being effected) through the Self. The 'and' has affirming power. The 'passing out' might somehow be reconciled with a non-moving Self (such as the omnipresent Self would be) if it were taken in the sense of the Self separating from the body; but...
Next. 18. 'whatever He Does With Knowledge : 18. For (there is the text) 'whatever he does with knowledge.' The declaration made in the text 'whatever he does with knowledge that is more vigorous,' viz. that the knowledge of the Udgtha has for its result non-obstruction of the result of the sacrifice, implies that the result of works...
Next. 6. As Follows Also From Other Texts : 6. (As follows also) from (other) texts. That Ether is an originated thing follows from other clauses also in the "Kh"ndogya: 'Being only this was in the beginning, one without a second' affirms the oneness of everything before creation, and 'In that all this has its Self implies that everything...
Next. 25. On Account Of The Difference : 25. On account of the difference of sense of piercing and so on. The text of the tharva"n"ikas exhibits at the beginning of their Upanishad some mantras, 'Pierce the "s"ukra, pierce the heart.' The followers of the Sma-veda read at the beginning of their rahasya-brhma"n"a 'O God Savit"ri", promote...
33. And On Account Of Co Operativeness : 12. Up to death; for there also it is seen. The question now arises whether the meditation described which is the means of final Release is to be accomplished within one day, or to be continued day after day, until death.--The view that it is accomplished within one day, as this will satisfy...
Next. 3. Not That Which Is Inferred : 3. Not that which is inferred, on account of the absence of terms denoting it, and (so also not) the bearer of the Pr"n"as (i. e. the individual soul). As the section under discussion does not treat of the Pradhna, there being no terms referring to that, so it is with regard to the individual soul...
Next. 18. Flesh Is Of Earthy Nature : 18. Flesh is of earthy nature; in the case of the two others also according to the text. The view that the description of tripartition, given in the passage 'each of these he made tripartite,' refers to a time subsequent to the creation of the mundane egg and to the gods created by Brahm, cannot...
Next. 27. But On Account Of Scripture. Brahman's : 27. But on account of Scripture; (Brahman's possession of various powers) being founded upon the word. The 'but' sets aside the difficulty raised. There is no p. 474 inappropriateness; 'on account of Scripture.' Scripture declares on the one hand that Brahman is not made up of parts, ...
Next. 13. The Self Consisting Of Bliss Is : 13. The Self consisting of Bliss (is the highest Self) on account of multiplication. We read in the text of the Taittiryas, 'Different from this Self, which consists of Understanding, is the other inner Self which consists of bliss' (Taitt. Up. II, 5).--Here the doubt arises whether the Self...
Next. 19. But On Account Of Their Distinctive : 19. But on account of their distinctive nature there is that designation, that designation. Each element indeed is of a threefold nature, owing to the primary tripartition; but as in each mixed element one definite element prevails--so that each element has a distinctive character of its own...
13. But Of The Others Having Enjoyed In Samyam : 15. And in the same way as (a Brahman) consisting of light; (the texts thus) not being devoid of meaning. In order that texts such as 'the True, knowledge, infinite is Brahman' may not be devoid of meaning, we have to admit that light (intelligence) constitutes the essential nature of Brahman. But...
Next. 27. At Departing. There Being Nothing : 27. At departing; there being nothing to be reached. For thus others (also declare). The further question arises whether the putting off of all good and evil deeds takes place only at the time when the soul leaves the body, or also after it has departed and is on its journey to the world...
Next. 24. And Although They Both Be Meditations : 24. And although (they both be) meditations on man; on account of others not being recorded. In the Taittiriyaka as well as the "Kh"ndogya we meet with a meditation on man (purusha-vidy), in which parts of the sacrifice are fancifully identified with the parts of p. 644 the human body.--Here...
Next. 15. And Because He Is Declared To Be : 15. And because he is declared to be the cause of thatra. 'For who could breathe, who could breathe forth, if that bliss existed not in the ether? He alone causes bliss' p. 233 [paragraph continues] (Taitt. Up. II, 7). This means--He alone is the cause of bliss on the part of the individual souls...
Next. 43. And On Account Of The Mantra : 43. And on account of the mantra. 'One part (quarter) of it are all beings, three feet (quarters) of it are the Immortal in heaven' ("Kh". Up. III, 12, 6)--on account of this mantra also the soul must be held to be a part of Brahman. For the word 'foot' denotes a part. As the individual souls are...
Untitled : THE VEDNT-STRAS WITH COMMENTARY BY RMNUJA TRANSLATED BY GEORGE THIBAUT (Sacred Books Of The East, Volume 48) [1904] Title Page Contents Introduction FIRST ADHYYA FIRST PDA First Pda 1. Then therefore the enquiry into Brahman The Small Prvapaksha The Small Siddhnta The Great Prvapaksha The Gre...
Next. 12. Of Him Who Has Merely Read The Veda : 12. Of him who has merely read the Veda. Nor is there any force in the argument that knowledge is only auxiliary to work because works are enjoined on him who possesses knowledge. For the text which refers to the man 'who has read the Veda' enjoins works on him who has merely "read" the texts...
21. And On Account Of The Imitation Of That : 7. And as in the case of the 'Great.' In the case of the passage 'Higher than the intellect is the Great Self,' we conclude from the co-ordination of 'the Great' with the Self that what the text means is not the 'Great' principle of the Sankhyas; analogously we conclude that the 'Unevolved,' which...
Next. 6. And On Account Of The Impossibility : 6. And on account of the impossibility of the relation of principal (and subordinate) matter. You Snkhyas maintain that the origination of the world results from a certain relation between principal and subordinate entities which depends on the relative inferiority p. 491 and superiority...
Next. 12. Such Qualities As Having Joy : 12. Such qualities as having joy for its head, and so on, are not established, for if there were difference (of members) there would be increase and decrease. The declaration that the essential qualities of Brahman are established for all meditations, does not imply that such attributes as 'having...
Next. 6. And On Account Of Abiding And Eating : 6. And on account of abiding and eating. 'Two birds, inseparable friends, cling to the same tree. One of them eats the sweet fruit; without eating, the other looks on' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 1). This text declares that one enjoys the fruit of works while the other, without enjoying, shining abides...
Next. 29. There Is Meaning Of The Soul's : 29. There is meaning of the soul's going (only) on the twofold hypothesis; for otherwise there is contradiction. It is only on the hypothesis of a part of the good and evil works being left behind at the time of the soul's departure from the body, and another part later on, and the effacement...
Next. 25. For This Very Reason There Is No : 25. For this very reason there is no need of the lighting of the fire and so on. The Stras return, from their digression into the discussion of two special points, to the question as to those whose condition of life involves chastity. The above Stra declares that as persons of that class are...
Next. 14. Of The Other Also There Is Thus : 14. Of the other also there is thus non-clinging; but at death. It has been said that, owing to knowledge, earlier and subsequent sins do not cling and are destroyed. The same holds good also with regard to the other, i.e. to good works--they also, owing to knowledge, do not cling and are...
Next. 3. It Has A Secondary Sense : 3. It has a secondary sense, on account of impossibility and of the text. It is reasonable to assume that in passages such as 'From that Self there sprang Ether.' the origination of Ether is not to be taken in its literal sense; for according to the "Kh"ndogya-text 'it sent forth fire.' Brahm...
Next. 4. Not, On Account Of The Difference : 4. Not, on account of the difference of character of that; and its being such (appears) from Scripture. The same opponent who laid stress on the conflict between Scripture and Sm"ri"ti now again comes forward, relying this time (not on Sm"ri"ti but) on simple reasoning. Your doctrine, he says...
Next. 9. 'on Account Of Conduct'. Not So : 9. 'On account of conduct'; not so, since ("k"ara"n"a) connotes works; thus Krsh"n"g"ini thinks. In the phrases 'those whose works were good' (rama"n"ya-"k"ara"n"h"), and 'those whose works were bad' (kapy-"k"ara"n"h"), the word "k"ara"n"a does not denote good and evil works (i.e. not such works...
Next. 19. And On Account Of The Cessati : 19. And on account of the cessation of the preceding one on the origination of the subsequent one. For the following reason also the origination of the world cannot be accounted for on the view of the momentariness of all existence. At the time when the subsequent momentary existence originates...
Next. 36. The Omnipresence Possessed : 36. The omnipresence (possessed) by that, (understood) from the declaration of extent. That omnipresence which is possessed 'by that,' i.e. by Brahman, and which is known 'from declarations of extent,' and so on, i.e. from texts which declare Brahman to be all-pervading, is also known from texts...
Next. 34. On Account Of Taking And The Declarati : 34. On account of taking and the declaration as to its moving about. The text beginning 'And as a great king,' &c., declares that 'the Self taking the pranas moves about in its own body, p. 555 according to its pleasure' (B"ri". Up. II, 1, 18), i.e. it teaches that the Self is active in taking...
Next. 38. And On Account Of Scriptural Declaration : 38. And on account of scriptural declaration. That he bestows all rewards--whether in the form of enjoyment or Release--Scripture also declares 'This indeed is the great, the unborn Self, the eater of food, the giver of p. 626 wealth' (B"ri". Up. IV, 4, 24); and 'For he alone causes delight'...
Next. 28. And On Account Of Difference : p. 514 28. And on account of difference of nature (they are) not like dreams. Owing to the different nature of dream-cognitions, it cannot be said that, like them, the cognitions of the waking state also have no things to correspond to them. For dream-cognitions are originated by organs impaired...
Next. 13. But The Others, On Account Of Equality : 13. But the others, on account of equality with the thing. Those other qualities which are 'equal to the thing,' i. e. which are attributes determining the essential character of the thing, and therefore necessarily entering into the idea of the thing, must be included in all meditations, no less...
Next. 16. For That Very Reason That Ether : 16. For that very reason that (ether) is Brahman. Because the clause 'What is Ka the same is Kha' speaks of ether as characterised by pleasure, the ether which is denoted by 'Kha' is no other than the highest Brahman. To explain. On the Fires declaring 'Breath is Brahman, Ka is Brahman, Kha is...
Next. 40. In The Case Of Him Who Has Approached : 40. In the case of him who has approached (Brahman); just on that account, this being declared by the text. When the soul, released from all bonds and manifesting itself in its true nature, has approached, i.e. attained to Brahman; then just on that account, i.e. on account of such approach...
Next. 18. Not The Self : 18. Not the Self, on account of scriptural statement, and on account of the eternity (which results) from them. The Stras so far have stated that this entire world, from Ether downwards, originates from the highest Brahman. It now becomes a matter for discussion whether the individual soul also...
Next. Introduction : p. ix INTRODUCTION. In the Introduction to the first volume of the translation of the 'Vednta-Stras with "S"ankara's Commentary' (vol. xxxiv of this Series) I have dwelt at some length on the interest which Rmnu"g"a's Commentary may claim--as being, on the one hand, the fullest exposition of wh...
Next. 50. What Belongs To This World, There : 50. What belongs to this world, there being no obstruction at hand; as this is seen. Knowledge, as enjoined by Scripture, is twofold, having p. 713 for its fruit either exaltation within the sphere of the Sa"m"sra, or final Release. With regard to the former the question arises whether it springs...
Title Page. Part 1 : THE VEDNT-STRAS WITH THE COMMENTARY BY RMNUJA TRANSLATED BY GEORGE THIBAUT PART III Sacred Books Of The East, Volume 48 Oxford, The Clarendon Press [1904] Scanned In By Srinivasan Sriram (as Part Of The Sripedia.org Initiative). OCRed And Proofed At Distributed Proofing By Other Volunteers; Juliet...
Next. 38. And On Account Of The Absence Of Samadhi : 38. And on account of the absence of samdhi. If the internal organ were the agent, it would be such even in that final state of meditation, called samdhi, which is the instrument of Release. But that state consists therein that the meditating being realises its difference from Prak"ri"ti, and this...
Next. 17. This Scripture Also Shows : 17. (This Scripture) also shows, and it is also stated in Sm"ri"ti. That Brahman is a treasure as it were of all blessed qualities and free from all imperfections, the whole body of Vednta-texts clearly declares: 'That highest great lord of lords, that highest deity of deities'; 'He is the cause...
Next. 17. Not The Other, On Account Of Impossibility : 17. Not the other, on account of impossibility. The other than the highest Self, i.e. the one called "g"va, even in the state of release, is not that Self which the mantra describes; for this is not possible. For to a Self of that kind unconditioned intelligence (such as is, in the mantr...
Next. 28. For The Same Reasons Not The Divinity : 28. For the same reasons not the divinity and the element. For the reasons stated Vai"s"vnara can be neither the deity Fire, nor the elemental fire which holds the third place among the gross elements.
Next. First Pada : p. xii VEDNTA-STRAS WITH RMNU"G"A'S SRBHSHYA p. 3 FIRST ADHYYA. FIRST PDA. MAY my mind be filled with devotion towards the highest Brahman, the abode of Lakshmi who is luminously revealed in the Upanishads; who in sport produces, sustains, and reabsorbs the entire Universe; whose only aim is...
Next. Consciousness Is Capable Of Change : Consciousness Is Capable Of Change. Against the assertion that the alleged non-origination of consciousness at the same time proves that consciousness is not capable of any other changes (p. 36), we remark that the general proposition on which this conclusion rests is too wide: it would extend...
Next. 46. But It Is A Meditation Only : 46. But it is a meditation only, on account of assertion and what is seen. The altars built of mind, and so on, are not of the nature of action, but of meditation only, i.e. they belong to a performance which is of the nature of meditation only. For this is what the text asserts, viz...
Next. 4. There May Be A Double Sense : 4. There may be (a double sense) of the one (word), as in the case of the word 'Brahman.' Since in the clause 'from that Self there sprang Brahman,' the word 'sprang' cannot be taken in its literal senbe, it may be used there in a secondary sense; while the same word as connected with...
Next. 16. And Destruction : 16. And destruction. There is moreover a Vednta-text which declares the knowledge of Brahman to destroy work-good and evil- which is the root of all the afflictions of transmigratory existence: 'The knot of the heart is broken, all doubts are solved, all his works perish when He has been beheld...
Next. 2. And On Account Of An Inferential Mark : 2. And on account of an inferential mark. Inferential mark here means Sm"ri"ti. Sm"ri"ti also declares that that knowledge which effects Release is of the nature of continued representation. Meditation therefore has to be repeated.--Here terminates the adhikara"n"a of 'repetition.'
Next. Being And Consciousness Are Not One : Being And Consciousness Are Not One. Hence mere Being does not alone constitute reality. And as the distinction between consciousness and its objects--which rests just on this relation of object and that for which the object is--is proved by perception, the assertion that only consciousness h...
6. If It Be Said That There Is Difference : 35. Should it be said that (the former reply refers) to that Self to which the aggregate of material things belongs (since) otherwise the difference (of the two replies) could not be accounted for; we say--no; as in the case of instruction p. 655 In the B"ri"had-ara"n"yaka (III, 4; 5) the same...
Next. 34. And On Account Of Possibility : 34. And on account of possibility. Nor is there any truth in the assertion that, because texts such as 'he is the bridge of the Immortal' intimate a distinction between that which causes to reach and the object reached, there must be something to be reached different from that which causes...
Next. 39. For The Same Reasons : 39. For the same reasons "G"aimini (thinks it to be) religious action. For the same reasons, viz. possibility and scriptural declaration, the teacher "G"aimini thinks that religious works, viz. sacrifices, gifts, offerings, and meditation, of themselves bring about their rewards. For we observe...
Next. 28. And Thus In The Self. For There : 28. And thus in the Self; for (there are) manifold (powers). If attributes belonging to one thing were on that account to be ascribed to other things also, it would follow that attributes observed in non-sentient things, such as jars and the like, belong also to the intelligent eternal Self, which...
Next. 7. Or Not, On Account Of Difference : 7. Or not, on account of difference of subject-matter; as in the case of the attribute of being higher than the high, and so on. There is no unity of the two vidys, since the subject-matter of the two differs. For the tale in the "Kh"ndogya-text, which begins 'when the Devas and the Asur...
Next. 5. With The Elements : 5. With the elements, this being stated by Scripture. There arises the further question whether breath joined with the soul unites itself with fire only or with all the elements combined.--With fire, so much only being declared by Scripture!--This view the Stra sets aside. Breath and soul unite...
Next. 36. And Because All The Attributes : 36. And because all the attributes are proved (to be present in Brahman). As all those attributes required to constitute causality which have been or will be shown to be absent in the Pradhna, the atoms, and so on, can be shown to be present in Brahman, it remains a settled conclusion that Brahm...
Next. 42. A Minor One, Thus Some. And Hence : 42. A minor one, thus some; (and hence they hold) the existence (of expiation), as in the case of eating. This has been explained. Some teachers are of opinion that even on the part of Naish"th"ikas and the rest the lapse from chastity constitutes only a minor offence which can be atoned for by...
Next. 22. That Is Unmanifested. For This : 22. That (is) unmanifested; for (this Scripture) declares. Brahman is not manifested by other means of proof; for Scripture says, 'His form is not to be seen, no one beholds him with the eye' (Ka. Up. II, 6, 9); 'He is not apprehended by the eye nor by speech' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 8).
Next. Sabda Proves Difference : Sabda Proves Difference. As to sound (speech; "s"abda) it is specially apparent that it possesses the power of denoting only such things as are affected with difference. Speech operates with words and sentences. Now a word (pada) originates from the combination of a radical element and a suffix...
Next. 31. Since There May Be Manifestati : p. 551 31. Since there may be manifestation of that which exists; as in the case of virile power and so on. The 'but' is meant to set the raised objection aside. The case may be that while consciousness is present also in deep sleep, and so on, it is manifested in the waking state only; whence...
Next. 20. And As The Different Vital Airs : 20. And as the different vital airs. As the one air, according as it undergoes in the body p. 467 different modifications, acquires a new name, new characteristics, and new functions, being then called pr"n"a, apna, and so on; thus the one Brahman becomes the world, with its manifold moving...
Next. 29. And On Account Of Non Sublation : 29. And on account of non-sublation. The conclusion above arrived at is confirmed by the consideration that thus only those texts are not stultified p. 702 which enjoin, for those who know Brahman, purity in matters of food with a view to the origination of knowledge of Brahman. Cp.' when the food...
Next. 21. Because When It Will Depart Is : p. 392 21. Because (the soul) when it will depart is such; thus Au"d"ulomi thinks. It is wrong to maintain that the designation of Brahman by means of terms denoting the individual soul is intended to prove the truth of the declaration that through the knowledge of one thing everything is known...
Next. 8 : 8. By the mere will; Scripture stating that. Concerning the released soul Scripture states, 'He moves about there, laughing, playing, rejoicing, be it with women, or chariots, or relatives' ("Kh". Up. VIII, 12, 3). The doubt here arises whether the soul's meeting with relatives and the rest...
Next. Perception Does Not Reveal Mere Being : p. 44 Perception Does Not Reveal Mere Being. In reply to the assertion that perception causes the apprehension of pure Being only, and therefore cannot have difference for its object; and that 'difference' cannot be defined because it does not admit of being set forth in definite alternatives; we...
Next. 8. Since, Up To The Union With. Brahman : 8. Since, up to the union with that (i.e. Brahman) the texts describe the Sa"m"sra state. The immortality referred to must necessarily be understood as not implying dissolution of the soul's connexion with the body, since up to the soul's attaining to Brahman the texts describe the Sa"m"sra state...
Next. 42. Just As In The Case Of The Offerings : 42. Just as in the case of the offerings. This has been explained. In the daharavidy ("Kh". Up. VIII, 1 ff.) the text, 'those who depart having known here the Self, and those true desires,' declares at first a meditation on the small ether, i.e. the highest Self, and separately there...
Next. The Conscious Subject Persists In Deep Sleep : The Conscious Subject Persists In Deep Sleep. We now come to the question as to the nature of deep sleep. In deep sleep the quality of darkness prevails in the mind and there is no consciousness of outward things, and thus there is no distinct and clear presentation of the 'I'; but all the same...
Next. 12. And Because Owing To The Acknowledgment : p. 498 12. And because owing to the acknowledgment of samavya, there results a "regressus in infinitum" from equality. The Vai"s"eshika doctrine is further untenable on account of the acknowledgment of samavya.--Why so?--Because the samavya also, like part, quality, and generic characteristics...
Next. 2. And Some State The Soul To Be The Shaper : 2. And some (state the soul to be) the shaper; and sons, and so on. And the followers of one "s"kh state in their text that the dreaming soul is the shaper of its desires: 'He, the person who is awake in those who sleep, shaping one desired thing (kma) after the other.' The term 'kma' there...
Next. 9. The Imperishable Is Brahm : 9. The Imperishable (is Brahman), on account of its supporting that which is the end of ether. The V"g"asaneyins, in the chapter recording the questions asked by Grg, read as follows: 'He said, O Grg, the Brhma"n"as call that the Imperishable. It is neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long...
Next. 27. Not Non Existence, On Account : 27. Not non-existence, on account of consciousness. Here now come forward the Yog"k"ras, who hold that cognitions(ideas) only are real. There is no reasonable ground, they say, for the view that the manifoldness of ideas is due to the manifoldness of things, since ideas themselves--no less th...
Next. 42. The Soul Is A Part : 42. (The soul is) a part, on account of the declarations of difference and otherwise; some also record p. 559 [paragraph continues] (that Brahman is of) the nature of slaves, fishermen, and so on. The Stras have declared that the individual soul is an agent, and as such dependent on the highest...
Next. 8. And Because There Is No Statement : The Pradhna is not the cause of the world for the following reason also: 8. And because there is no statement of its having to be set aside. If the word 'Sat' denoted the Pradhna as the cause of the world, we should expect the text to teach that the idea of having his Self in that 'Sat' should be...
Next. 22. That Which Possesses The Qualities : 22. That which possesses the qualities of invisibility, &c., on account of the declaration of attributes. The tharva"n"ikas read in their text, 'The higher knowledge is that by which that Indestructible is apprehended. That which is invisible, unseizable, without origin and qualities, and further...
Next. 31. But On Account Of Resemblance : 31. But on account of resemblance. The 'but' sets aside the prvapaksha. There is no truth in the assertion that from the designation of the Highest as a biidge (or bank) it follows that there is something beyond the Highest. For Brahman in that text is not called a bank with regard to something...
Next. 6. Him Who Meditates On The Effected Brahman : 6. (Him who meditates on) the effected Brahman, (thus opines) Bdari; because for him going is possible. The following question now presents itself for consideration. Does the troop of conducting divinities, Agni and the rest, lead on those who meditate on the effected Brahman, i.e...
Next. 41. And There Is Not Originati : 41. And there is not (origination) of the instrument from the agent. 'The internal organ called Pradyumna originates from Sankarsha"n"a,' i. e. the internal organ originates from the individual soul which is the agent. But this is inadmissible, since the text 'from him there is produced breath...
Next. 26. But In The Case Of The Getting : 26. But in the case of the getting rid of (it has to be combined with the obtaining), as it is supplementary p. 646 to statements of obtaining; as in the case of the ku"s"as, the metres, the praise, and the singing. This has been explained. The "Kh"andogas read in their text 'Shaking off all evil...
Next. 14. And On Account Of The Eternity Of This : 14. And on account of the eternity of this. As the quality, inhering in all things, of being ruled by the highest Self, is eternal and definitely fixed by being connected with his essential nature, it is an unavoidable conclusion that the rule of the soul and of the divinities over the organs...
Next. 54. Or There Is No Contradicti : p. 677 54. Or there is no contradiction as in the case of mantras and the rest. The 'or' here has the sense of 'and.' The 'and the rest' comprises generic characteristics, qualities, number, similarity, order of succession, substances, and actions. As there is nothing contrary to reason in mantr...
Next. 28. And For This Very Reason Eternity : 28. And for this very reason eternity (of the Veda). As words such as Indra and Vasish"th"a, which denote gods and "Ri"shis, denote (not individuals only, but) classes, and as the creation of those beings is preceded by their being suggested to the creative mind through those words; for this...
Next. Second Pada. 1. In The Intermediate : p. 601 SECOND PDA. 1. In the intermediate sphere the creation (is effected by the soul); for (Scripture) says (so). So far it has been shown that the soul in the waking state suffers affliction since, in accordance with its deeds, it goes, returns, is born, and so on. Next an enquiry is instituted...
Next. 16. It Refers Either To Dreamless Sleep : 16. It refers either to dreamless sleep or to union (sampatti); for this is manifested. Texts as the one last quoted do not refer to the released soul, but either to deep sleep or to 'union' (sampatti), i.e. the time of dying; the latter in accordance with the text 'then his speech is united...
Next. 12. Earth From Water : 12. Earth (from water). Earth originates from water; for so the texts declare 'From water earth' (Taitt Up. II. 1, 1). 'It (water) sent forth food' ("Kh". Up. VI, 2, 3). But how can the word 'food' denote earth?--To this the next Stra replies.
Next. 16. A Lighting Up Of The Point Of The Abode : 16. A lighting up of the point of the abode of that; having the door illuminated by that (the soul), owing to the power of its knowledge and the application of remembrance of the way which is an element of that (viz. of knowledge), being assisted by him who abides within the heart, (passes out) by...
Next. 43. On Account Of Difference In Deep : p. 352 43. On account of difference in deep sleep and departing. We have to supply 'on account of designation' from the preceding Stra. Because the text designates the highest Self as something different from the individual Self in the state of deep sleep as well as at the time of departure...
Next. 29. Gaimini Thinks That There Is No : 29. "G"aimini thinks that there is no objection to (the word 'Agni') directly (denoting the highest Self). So far it has been maintained that the word 'Agni,' which stands in co-ordination with the term 'Vai"s"vnara,' denotes the highest Self in so far as qualified by the intestinal fire...
33. And On Account Of Co Operativeness. Part 1 : 33. And on account of co-operativeness. These works are to be performed also on account of their being co-operative towards knowledge in so far, namely, as they give rise to the desire of knowledge; and their thus being enjoined for a double purpose does not imply contradiction any more th...
Next. 14. On Account Of The Going And Of The Word : 14. On account of the going and of the word; for thus it is seen; and (there is) an inferential sign. 'As people who do not know the country walk again and again over a gold treasure' and the further circumstance of the goal of their going being called the Brahma-world, also prove that the p. 318...
Next. 28. And There Is Permission Of All : 28. And there is permission of all food in the case of danger of life; on account of this being seen. In the meditation on pr"n"a, according to the V"g"asaneyins and the "Kh"ndogas, there is a statement as to all food being allowed to him who knows the pr"n"a. 'By him there is nothing eaten th...
Next. 29. Herewith All Are Explained, Explained : 29. Herewith all (texts) are explained, explained. Hereby, i.e. by the whole array of arguments set forth in the four pdas of the first adhyya; all those particular passages of the Vednta-texts which give instruction as to the cause of the world, are explained as meaning to set forth a Brahm...
Next. 18. The Connexion Persists As Long : 18. Should it be said, not in the night; we say, no; because the connexion persists as long as the body does. Scripture also declares this. It is now enquired into whether the soul of him who, while having true knowledge, dies at night reaches Brahman or not. Although, as solar rays exist at night...
Next. 33. That Grief Of Him Arose : 33. (That) grief of him (arose), this is intimated by his ("G"na"s"ruti's) resorting to him (Raikva) on hearing a disrespectful speech about himself. From what the text says about "G"na"s"ruti Pautrya"n"a having been taunted by a flamingo for his want of knowledge of Brahman, and having thereup...
Next. 18. Not In The Case Of The Third Place : 18. Not in the case of the third (place), as it is thus perceived. The third 'place' does not, for the origination of a new body, depend on the fifth oblation. The term,'the third p. 595 place,' denotes mere evil-doers. That these do not, for the origination of a new body, depend on the fifth...
Next. Second Pada : p. 255 SECOND PDA. THE contents of the first Pda may be summed up as follows:--It has been shown that a person who has read the text of the Veda; who further, through the study of the Karma-Mm"m"sa, has acquired a full knowledge of the nature of (sacrificial and similar) works, and has recognised...
Next. 18. For This Very Reason Comparisons : 18. For this very reason comparisons, such as reflected images of the sun and the like. Because Brahman, although abiding in manifold places, ever possesses the twofold characteristics, and hence does not share the imperfections due to those places, scriptural texts illustrate its purity...
Next. 3. The Self, On Account Of Subject Matter : 3. The Self, on account of subject-matter. The subject-matter of the whole section shows that by the Self manifesting itself in its own form there is meant the Self as possessing the attributes of freedom from all evil and sin and so on. For the teaching of Pra"g"pati begins as follows: 'the Self...
Next. 41. Nor The Expiatory Performance : 41. Nor the (expiatory performance) described in the chapter treating of qualification; that being impossible on account of the Sm"ri"ti referring to such lapse. Those expiatory performances which are described in the chapter treating of qualification (P. M. S. VI) are not possible in the case...
Next. 9. But Like The Eye And The Rest : p. 574 9. But like the eye and the rest, on account of being taught with them, and for other reasons. Breath is not an element, but like sight and the rest, a special instrument of the soul. This appears from the fact that the texts mention it together with the recognised organs of the soul...
Next. 24. As In The Case Of Milk : 24. Should it be said that (it is) not, on account of the observation of employment; we say, not so; for as in the case of milk. We have so far determined that it is in no way unreasonable to hold that the highest Brahman, which is all-knowing, capable of realising its purposes, but how should it...
Next. 31. The Instruction Given : 31. The instruction (given by Indra about himself) (is possible) through insight based on Scripture, as in the case of Vmadeva. The instruction which, in the passages quoted, Indra gives as to the object of meditation, i.e. Brahman constituting his Self, is not based on such an insight into his...
Next. 9. And With Reference To Immobility : 9. And with reference to immobility. And it is with reference to their immobility that the earth and other inanimate things--the air, the sky, the waters, the mountains--may be spoken of as thinking, 'the earth thinks (dhyyati) as it were,' and so on. Movelessness hence is characteristic...
Next. 22. And On Account Of The Objections : 22. And on account of the objections presenting themselves in either case. p. 506 It has been shown that neither origination from nothing, as held by the advocates of general momentariness, is possible; nor the passing away into nothing on the part of the thing originated. The acknowledgment...
Next. 10. 'there Is Purposelessness'. Not : 10. 'There is purposelessness'; not so, on account of the dependence on that. But if conduct has no result, it follows that good conduct, p. 592 as enjoined in the Sm"ri"tis, is useless!--Not so, we reply; for holy works enjoined by the Veda depend on conduct, in so far as a man of good conduct...
4. Conductors, This Being Indicated : 18. If it be said that this is not so, on account of direct teaching; we reply not so, on account of the texts declaring that which abides within the spheres of those entrusted with special functions. But, an objection is raised, certain texts directly declare that the released soul also possesses...
Next. Inference Also Teaches Difference : Inference Also Teaches Difference. Perception thus having for its object only what is marked by difference, inference also is in the same case; for its object is only what is distinguished by connexion with things known through perception and other means of knowledge. And thus, even in the case...
Next. 17. Even On The Aggregate With Its : 17. Even on the aggregate with its two causes, there is non-establishment of that. We so far have refuted the Vaiseshikas, who hold the doctrine of atoms constituting the general cause. Now the followers of Buddha also teach that the world originates from atoms, and the Stras therefore proceed...
Next. 13. Not So, On Account Of Non Specification : 13. Not so, on account of non-specification. Nor is it true that the text 'Doing works here,' &c., is meant to divert him who knows the Self from knowledge and restrict him to works. For there is no special reason to hold that that text refers to works as independent means of a desirable result:...
Next. Nescience Cannot Be Terminated : Nescience Cannot Be Terminated By The Simple Act Of Cognising Brahman As The Universal Self. The doctrine, again, that Nescience is put an end to by the cognition of Brahman being the Self of all can in no way be upheld; for as bondage is something real it cannot be put an end to by knowledge. How...
Next. 3. Because Scripture Is The Source : 3. Because Scripture is the source (of the knowledge of Brahman). Because Brahman, being raised above all contact with the senses, is not an object of perception and the other means of proof, but to be known through Scripture only; therefore the text 'Whence these creatures are born,' &c., h...
Next. 40. But From The Highest, This Being : 40. But from the highest, this being declared by Scripture. Is the activity of the individual soul independent (free), or does it depend on the highest Self? It is free; for if it were dependent on the highest Self, the whole body of scriptural injunctions and prohibitions would be unmeaning...
Next. 7. And On Account Of Brahman Being Specified : 7. And on account of (Brahman) being specified. The text 'a person not human leads them to the worlds of Brahman' (B"ri". Up. VI. 2, 15) by using the word 'world,' and moreover in the plural, determines the specification that the not-human person leads those only who meditate on Hira"n"yagarbh...
Next. 11. There Is Distribution, : 11. There is distribution, as in the case of the hundred. As knowledge and work have different results, the text 'of him knowledge and work lay hold' must be understood in a distributive sense, i.e. as meaning that knowledge lays hold of him to the end of bringing about its own particular result...
Next. 9. But She Begins With Light. For Thus : 9. But she begins with light; for thus some read in their text. The 'but' has assertory force. 'Light' in the Stra means Brahman, in accordance with the meaning of the term as known from texts such as 'On him the gods meditate, the light of lights' (B"ri". Up. X, 4, 16); 'That light which shines...
Next. 11. Bliss And Other Qualities, As Belonging : 11. Bliss and other qualities, as belonging to the subject of the qualities. The point to be decided here is whether, or not, the essential qualities of Brahman are to be included in all meditations on the highest Brahman.--Since there is no valid reason for including in a meditation those...
Next. 13. The Person Within The Eye Is : 13. (The Person) within the eye (is the highest Self) on account of suitability. The "Kh"andogas have the following text: 'The Person that is seen within the eye, that is the Self. This is the immortal, the fearless, this is Brahman' ("Kh". Up. IV, 15, 1). The doubt here arises whether the pers...
Next. 16. And Because That Which Is Referred : 16. And because that (Brahman) which is referred to in the mantra is declared (to be the nandamaya). That Brahman which is described in the mantra, 'True Being, knowledge, infinite is Biahman,' is proclaimed as the Self abounding in bliss. And that Brahman is the highest Brahman, other th...
Next. 28. And Because It Is Called The Womb : 28. And because it is called the womb. Brahman is the material as well as the operative cause of the world for that reason also that certain texts call it the womb, 'the maker, the Lord, the Person, Brahman, the womb' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 3); 'that which the wise regard as the womb of all beings' (I...
Next. Plurality Is Not Unreal : Plurality Is Not Unreal. Next as to the assertion that all difference presented in our cognition-as of jars, pieces of cloth and the like--is unreal because such difference does not persist. This view, we maintain, is altogether erroneous, springs in fact from the neglect of distinguishing between...
Next. Fourth Pada. 1. On The Soul's Having : p. 755 FOURTH PDA. 1. (On the soul's) having approached (the highest light) there is manifestation; (as we infer) from the word 'own.' The Sras now proceed to consider the "kind" of superior existence (ai"s"varya) which the released souls enjoy.--The text says, 'Thus does that serene being, having...
Next. 22. The Same Is Declared : 22. The same is declared by Sm"ri"ti also. Sm"ri"ti also declares that the transmigrating soul when reaching the state of Release 'imitates,' i.e. attains supreme equality of attributes with the highest Brahman. 'Abiding by this knowledge they, attaining to equality of attributes with me, are not...
Next. 8. On Account Of Such Consequences : 8. On account of such consequences in reabsorption (the Vednta-texts would be) inappropriate. The term 'reabsorption' here stands as an instance of all the states of Brahman, reabsorption, creation, and so on--among which it is the first as appears from the texts giving instruction about those...
Next. 27. Or Else Like Light And Its Abode : 27. Or else like light and its abode, both being fire. The "or" sets aside the other two alternatives. If Brahman itself only appeared in the form of non-sentient things--as the snake itself only constitutes the coils--both sets of texts, those which declare difference as well as those which...
Next. 36. Also In The Case Of Those Outside : 36. Also in the case of those outside, as this is seen. p. 704 It has been declared that the members of the four "s"ramas have a claim to the knowledge of Brahman, and that the duties connected with each "s"rarna promote knowledge. A doubt now arises whether those men also who, on account...
Next. 5. On Account Of The Subject Matter : 5. On account of the subject-matter. It has been already shown, viz. under I, 2, 21, that the highest Brahman constitutes the initial topic of the Upanishad. And by the arguments set forth in the previous Stras of the present Pda, we have removed all suspicion as to the topic started being dropped...
Next. 15. And On Account Of There Being Observed : 15. And on account of there being observed in that (small ether), supporting which is a greatness of that (i. e. Brahman). In continuation of the passage 'It is the Self free from Sin,' for to support the world is the glory of Brahman. Compare 'He is the Lord of all, the king of all things...
Next. 29. And On Account Of The Defects : 29. And on account of the defects of his view also. On his view, i.e. on the view of him who holds the theory of the Pradhna or something similar, the imperfections observed in ordinary things would attach themselves to the Pradhna also, since it does not differ in nature from those things...
Next. 15. But Only Those Former Works : 15. But only those former works the effects of which have not yet begun; on account of that being the term. A new doubt arises here, viz. whether all previous good and evil works are destroyed by the origination of knowledge, or only those the effects of which have not yet begun to operate.--All...
Next. 9. And For This Very Reason Without : 9. And for this very reason without another ruler. Since the released soul realises all its wishes, it does not stand under another ruler. For to be under a ruler means to be subject to injunction and prohibition, and to be such is opposed to being free in the realisation of all one's wishes...
Next. 29. But The Self Is Designated As Th : 29. But (the Self) is designated as that because it has that quality (viz. knowledge) for its essential quality; as in the case of the intelligent (pr"g"a) Self. p. 550 The 'but' discards the objection. Because that quality, viz. the quality of knowledge, is the essential quality, therefore...
Next. 14. And On Account Of The Statement : 14. And on account of the statement as to abode, and so on. p. 273 Abiding within the eye, ruling the eye, and so on are predicated by scripture of the highest Self only, viz. in B"ri". Up. III, 7, 18, 'He who dwells within the eye, who rules the eye within.' We therefore recognise that highest...
Next. 5. From Thence : 5. From thence by him only who belongs to lightning, the text stating that. p. 748 The only leader from lightning up to Brahman is the not-human person connected with lightning; for the text states this directly. Varu"n"a, Indra, and Pra"g"pati take part in the work in so far only as they may...
Next. 8. Hereby Air Is Explained : 8. Hereby air is explained. The same argumentation explains the origination of air also. That a special Stra is devoted to the origination of air--instead of disposing in one Stra of Ether and air--is for the sake of Stra 10, which states that 'hence (i.e. from air) there originated fire.'
Next. 7. The Bhuman Is The Highest Self : 7. The bhman (is the highest Self), as the instruction about it is additional to that about serenity. The "Kh"andogas read as follows: 'Where one sees nothing p. 300 else, hears nothing else, knows nothing else, that is fulness (bhman). Where one sees something else, hears something else, knows...
2. The Scriptural Statement Of The Plural. Part 1 : 2. (The scriptural statement of the plural) is secondary, on account of impossibility; and since (the highest Self) is declared before that. The plural form exhibited by the text must be taken (not in its literal, but) in a secondary figurative sense, since there is no room there for a plurality...
Next. 3. Hereby The Yoga Is Refuted : 3. Hereby the Yoga is refuted. By the above refutation of Kapila's Sm"ri"ti the Yoga-sm"ri"ti also is refuted.--But a question arises, What further doubt arises here with regard to the Yoga system, so as to render needful the formal extension to the Yoga of the arguments previously set forth...
Next. 8. Neither Air Nor Function : 8. Neither air nor function, on account of its being stated separately. Is this main vital breath nothing else but air, the second of the elements? Or is it a certain motion of the air? Or is it air that has assumed some special condition?--The first alternative may be adopted, on account...
8. On Account Of There Being No Special Characteristic. Part 02 : 8. On account of there being no special characteristic; as in the case of the cup. In the discussion of the following passages also we aim only at refuting the system of the Sankhyas; not at disproving the existence and nature of Prak"ri"ti, the 'great' principle, the aha"m"ra, and so on, viewed...
Next. The Theory Of Nescience Cannot Be Proved : The Theory Of Nescience Cannot Be Proved. We now proceed to the consideration of Nescience.--According to the view of our opponent, this entire world, with all its endless distinctions of Ruler, creatures ruled, and so on, is, owing to a certain defect, fictitiously superimposed up...
Next. 64. And Because Shows It : 64. And because (Scripture) shows it. A scriptural text, moreover, shows that the meditation is necessary for, and restricted to, the sacrificial performance. For the text 'A Brahman priest who knows this saves the sacrifice, the sacrificcr, and all the officiating priests'--which declares th...
Next. 1. Then Therefore The Enquiry Into Brahman : 1. Then therefore the enquiry into Brahman. In this Stra the word 'then' expresses immediate sequence; the word 'therefore' intimates that what has taken place (viz. the study of the karmak"nd"a of the Veda) constitutes the reason (of the enquiry into Brahman). For the fact is that the enquiry...
Next. 48. On Account Of The Others Also Being : 48. On account of the others also being taught, in the same way as the condition of the Muni. The injunction, on him who has passed beyond all desire, of mauna preceded by privr"g"ya (wandering about as a mendicant), is meant to illustrate the duties of all "s"ramas. For the duties of the other...
Next. 17. But The Making Of Names And Forms : 17. But the making of names and forms (belongs) to him who renders tripartite, on account of scriptural teaching. The Stras have shown that the creation of the elements and organs in their collective aspect (samash"t"i) and the activity of the individual souls proceed from the highest Self;...
Next. 31. Not So, On Account Of The Impossibility : 31. Not so, on account of the impossibility in one. The Bauddhas have been refuted. As now the "G"ainas also hold the view of the world originating from atoms and similar views, their theory is reviewed next.--The "G"ainas hold that the world comprises souls ("g"va), and non-souls (a"g"va)...
Next. 33. Owing To Difference Of Place : 33. Owing to difference of place, as in the case of light, and so on. Owing to the difference of limiting adjuncts constituted by special places, such as speech, and so on, Brahman in so far as connected with these adjuncts may be viewed as having measure; just as light and the like although...
Next. 25. It Is Unholy. Not So, On The Ground : 25. It is unholy. Not so, on the ground of Scripture. The conclusion arrived at above cannot be accepted, since there is a reason why the descending soul should enter on the condition of an enjoying soul. Such works as sacrifices, the fruit of which is the enjoyment of the heavenly world, are...
Next. 11. But Only Good And Evil Works, Thus : 11. But only good and evil works, thus Bdari thinks. As the verb -"k"ar takes karman for its object (pu"n"ya"m" karm "k"arati, &c.), and as the separate denotation (i.e. the use of apparently equivalent words, viz. "k"ar and karman) can be accounted for on the ground that one of them refers...
Next. 30. This Is Said In Smriti Also : 30. This is said in Sm"ri"ti also. That for those as well who know Brahman, as for others, the eating of food of any kind is lawful only in case of extreme need, Sm"ri"ti also declares, 'He who being in danger of his life eats food from anywhere is stained by sin no more than the lotus leaf by...
37. And On Account Of The Impossibility : 23. And on account of the very word, and of measure. Scripture directly applies the word 'a"n"u' to the individual Self, 'By thought is to be known that atomic Self into which Breath has entered fivefold' (Mu. Up. III, 1, 9).--By the term 'unmna' in the Stra we have to understand measurement by...
Next. 3. But It Is Mere Maya. On Account : 3. But it is mere My; on account of the true nature (of the soul) not being fully manifested. The things appearing in dreams-chariots, lotus tanks, and so on--are absolute My, i.e. things created by the Supreme Person. For the term 'My' denotes wonderful things, as appears from passages such...
Next. 21. For The Text Denies The Previously : 21. For the text denies the previously declared so-muchness; and declares more than that. It is impossible to understand the text 'not so, not so' as negativing those distinctions of Brahman which had been stated previously. If the text meant that, it would be mere idle talk. For none but a pers...
