Third Chapter. The Way Of Action
*
"Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita", English translation and commentary by Swami Swarupananda, [1909],
p. 72
Third Chapter
Arjuna said:
1. If, O Janrdana, according to Thee, knowledge is superior to action, why then, O Keshava, dost Thou engage me in this terrible action?
p. 73
2. With these seemingly conflicting words, Thou art, as it were, bewildering my understanding;--tell me that one thing for certain, by which I can attain to the highest.
The Blessed Lord said:
3. In the beginning (of creation), O sinless one, the twofold path of devotion was given by Me to this world;--the path of knowledge for the meditative, the path of work for the active. 3
p. 74
4. By non-performance of work none reaches worklessness; by merely giving up action no one attains to perfection. 4
5. Verily none can ever rest for even an instant, without performing action; for all are made to act, helplessly indeed, by the Gunas, born of Prakriti. 5
p. 75
6. He, who restraining the organs of action, sits revolving in the mind, thoughts regarding objects of senses, he, of deluded understanding, is called a hypocrite.
7. But, who, controlling the senses by the mind, unattached, directs his organs of action to the path of work, he, O Arjuna, excels.
p. 76
8. Do thou perform obligatory * action; for action is superior to inaction, and even the bare maintenance of thy body would not be possible if thou art inactive.
9. The world is bound by actions other than those performed for the sake of Yajna; do thou therefore, O son of Kunti, perform action for Yajna alone, devoid of attachment. 9
p. 77
10. The Prajpati, having in the beginning created mankind together with Yajna, said,--"By this shall ye multiply: this shall be the milch cow of your desires. 10
11. \"Cherish the Devas with this, and may those Devas cherish you: thus cherishing one another, ye shall gain the highest good. 11
p. 78
12. \"The Devas, cherished by Yajna, will give you desired-for objects." So, he who enjoys objects given by the Devas without offering (in return) to them, is verily a thief.
13. The good, eating the remnants of Yajna, are freed from all sins: but who cook food (only) for themselves, those sinful ones eat sin. 13
p. 79
14. From food come forth beings: from rain food is produced: from Yajna arises rain and Yajna is born of Karma. 14
p. 80
15. Know Karma to have risen from the Veda, and the Veda from the Imperishable. Therefore the all-pervading Veda is ever centred in Yajna. 15
16. He, who here follows not the wheel thus set revolving, living in sin, and satisfied in the senses, O son of Prith,--he lives in vain. 16
p. 81
17. But the man who is devoted to the Self, and is satisfied with the Self, and content in the Self alone, he has no obligatory duty.
18. He has no object in this world (to gain) by doing (an action), nor (does he incur any loss) by non-performance of action,--nor has he (need of) depending on any being for any object.
p. 82
19. Therefore, do thou always perform actions which are obligatory, without attachment;--by performing action without attachment, one attains to the highest.
20. Verily by action alone, Janaka and others attained perfection;--also, simply with the view for the guidance of men, thou shouldst perform action. 20
p. 83
21. Whatsoever the superior person does, that is followed by others. What he demonstrates by action, that, people follow.
22. I have, O son of Prith, no duty, nothing that I have not gained, and nothing that I have to gain, in the three worlds; yet, I continue in action.
p. 84
23. If ever I did not continue in work, without relaxation, men, O son of Prith, would in every way, follow in My wake.
24. If I did not do work, these worlds would perish. I should be the cause of the admixture of races, and I should ruin these beings.
25. As do the unwise, attached to work, act, so should the wise act, O descendant of Bharata, (but) without
p. 85
attachment, desirous of the guidance of the world.
26. One should not unsettle the understanding of the ignorant, attached to action; the wise, (himself) steadily acting, should engage (the ignorant) in all work.
27. The Gunas of Prakriti perform all action. With the understanding deluded by egoism, man thinks, "I am the doer."
p. 86
28. But, one, with true insight into the domains of Guna and Karma, knowing that Gunas as senses merely rest on Gunas as objects, does not become attached. 28
29. Men of perfect knowledge should not unsettle (the understanding of) people of dull wit and imperfect knowledge, who deluded by the Gunas of Prakriti attach (themselves) to the functions of the Gunas. 29
p. 87
30. Renouncing all actions to Me, with mind centred on the Self, getting rid of hope and selfishness, fight,--free from (mental) fever.
31. Those men who constantly practise this teaching of Mine, full of Shraddh and without cavilling, they too, are freed from work. 31
p. 88
32. But those who decrying this teaching of Mine do not practise (it), deluded in all knowledge, and devoid of discrimination, know them to be ruined.
33. Even a wise man acts in accordance with his own nature: beings follow nature: what can restraint do? 33
p. 89
34. Attachment and aversion of the senses for their respective objects are natural: let none come under their sway: they are his foes. 34
p. 90
35. Better is one's own Dharma, (though) imperfect, than the Dharma of another well-performed. Better is death in one's own Dharma: the Dharma of another is fraught with fear. 35
Arjuna said:
36. But by what impelled does man commit sin, though against his wishes, O Vrshneya, constrained as it were, by force? 36
p. 91
The Blessed Lord said:
37. It is desire--it is anger, born of the Rajo-guna: of great craving, and of great sin; know this as the foe here (in this world). 37
p. 92
38. As fire is enveloped by smoke, as a mirror by dust, as an embryo by the secundine, so is it covered by that. 38
39. Knowledge is covered by this, the constant foe of the wise, O son of Kunti, the unappeasable fire of desire. 39
p. 93
40. The senses, the mind and the intellect are said to be its abode: through these, it deludes the embodied by veiling his wisdom. 40
p. 94
41. Therefore, O Bull of the Bharata race, controlling the senses at the outset, kill it,--the sinful, the destroyer of knowledge and realisation.
42. The senses are said to be superior (to the body); the mind is superior to the senses; the intellect is superior to the mind; and that which is superior to the intellect is He (the Atman).
43. Thus, knowing Him who is superior to the intellect, and restraining
p. 95
the self by the Self, destroy, O mighty-armed, that enemy, the unseizable foe, desire.
The end of the third chapter, designated The Way of Action.
Footnotes
73:3 \"Meditative"--those who prefer meditation to external action.
"Active"--those who believe in external work with or without meditation.
74:4 Worklessness and perfection: These are synonymous terms, meaning, becoming one with the Infinite and free from all ideas of want. A man who has reached this state can have no necessity or desire for work as a means to an end. Perfect satisfaction in the Self is his natural condition. (Vide Iii. 17.)
74:5 \"All are made to act:" All men living under bondage.
76:9 \"Yajna:" means a religious rite, sacrifice, worship: Or an action done with a good or spiritual motive. It also means the Deity. The Taittiriya-Samhit (i. 7. 4.) says, "Yajna is Vishnu Himself."
76:* See comment on V. 13.
77:10 \"Prajpati"--the creator or Brahma.
77:11 \"Devas:" (lit. the shining ones) beings much higher than man in the scale of evolution, who are in charge of cosmic functions.
78:13 \"Deva-Yajna:" offering sacrifices to the gods, "Brahma-Yajna:" teaching and reciting the Scriptures, "Pitri-Yajna:" offering libations of water to one's p. 79 ancestors, "Nri-Yajna:" the feeding of the hungry, and "Bhuta-Yajna:" the feeding of the lower animals;--are the five daily duties enjoined on householders. The performance of these duties frees them from the fivefold sin, inevitable to a householder's life, due to the killing of life, from the use of, (1) the pestle and mortar, (2) the grinding-stone, (3) the oven, (4) the water-jar, and (5) the broom.
79:14 \"Yajna:" Here it denotes not the sacrificial deeds themselves but the subtle principle, into which they are converted, after they have been performed, to appear, later on, as their fruits. This is technically known as Apurva.
"Karma" or sacrificial deeds prescribed in the Vedas.
80:15 \"All-pervading Veda:" because it illumines all subjects and is the store of all knowledge, being the out-breathing of the Omniscient. It is said to be ever centred in Yajna, because it deals chiefly with Yajna, as the means of achieving the end, either of prosperity or final liberation, according as it is performed with or without desire.
80:16 The "wheel" of action started by Prajpati on the basis of Veda and sacrifice.
82:20 \"Guidance of men:" the Sanskrit word means, gathering of men,--that is, into the right path.
86:28 \"With true insight etc.:" Knowing the truth that the Self is distinct from all Gunas, and actions.
86:29 p. 87 "Those of imperfect knowledge"--those who can only see as far as the immediate effect of actions.
87:31 \"Shraddh:" is a mental attitude constituted primarily of sincerity of purpose, humility, reverence and faith. You have Shraddh for your Guru--it p. 88 is sincere reverence. You have Shraddh for the Gita --it is admiration for those of its teachings you understand and faith in those that you do not. You give alms to a beggar with Shraddh--it is a sense of humility combined with the hope that what you give will be acceptable and serviceable.
88:33 p. 89 The reason why some people do not follow the teaching of the Lord is explained here: Their (lower) nature proves too strong for them.
89:34 \"His:" of the seeker after truth.
Though, as has been said in the foregoing Sloka, some are so completely under the sway of their natural propensities, that restraint is of no avail to them, yet the seeker after truth should never think of following their example, but should always exert himself to overrule all attachment and aversion of the senses for their objects.
90:35 The implication is that Arjuna's thought of desisting from fight and going in for the calm and peaceful life of the Brahman is promoted by man's natural desire to shun what is disagreeable and embrace what is agreeable to the senses. He should on no account yield to this weakness.
90:36 p. 91 "Vrshneya:" a descendant of the race of Vrishni.
91:37 \"It is desire etc.:" anger is only another form of desire,--desire obstructed. (See Note, Ii. 62-63).
92:38 \"It" is knowledge, and "that" is desire, as explained in the following Sloka.
Three stages of the overclouding of knowledge or Self by desire are described by the three illustrations here given. The first stage is Sttvika,--fire enveloped by smoke:--the rise of a slight wind of discrimination dispels the smoke of desire in a Sttvika heart. The second, the Rjasika,--the dust on a mirror, requires some time and preparation. While the third,--the Tmasika, takes a much longer time, like the release of the embryo from the afterbirth.
92:39 Desire is undoubtedly the foe of all mankind. Why it is said to be the constant foe of the wise, is p. 93 that they "feel" it to be so even when under its sway. Fools are awakened for a moment only, when they suffer from its painful reactions.
93:40 Like a wise general, Krishna points out the fortress of the enemy, by conquering which the enemy is easily defeated.
"Through these:" by vitiating the senses, mind and the intellect.
"Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita", English translation and commentary by Swami Swarupananda, [1909],
p. 72
Third Chapter
Arjuna said:
1. If, O Janrdana, according to Thee, knowledge is superior to action, why then, O Keshava, dost Thou engage me in this terrible action?
p. 73
2. With these seemingly conflicting words, Thou art, as it were, bewildering my understanding;--tell me that one thing for certain, by which I can attain to the highest.
The Blessed Lord said:
3. In the beginning (of creation), O sinless one, the twofold path of devotion was given by Me to this world;--the path of knowledge for the meditative, the path of work for the active. 3
p. 74
4. By non-performance of work none reaches worklessness; by merely giving up action no one attains to perfection. 4
5. Verily none can ever rest for even an instant, without performing action; for all are made to act, helplessly indeed, by the Gunas, born of Prakriti. 5
p. 75
6. He, who restraining the organs of action, sits revolving in the mind, thoughts regarding objects of senses, he, of deluded understanding, is called a hypocrite.
7. But, who, controlling the senses by the mind, unattached, directs his organs of action to the path of work, he, O Arjuna, excels.
p. 76
8. Do thou perform obligatory * action; for action is superior to inaction, and even the bare maintenance of thy body would not be possible if thou art inactive.
9. The world is bound by actions other than those performed for the sake of Yajna; do thou therefore, O son of Kunti, perform action for Yajna alone, devoid of attachment. 9
p. 77
10. The Prajpati, having in the beginning created mankind together with Yajna, said,--"By this shall ye multiply: this shall be the milch cow of your desires. 10
11. \"Cherish the Devas with this, and may those Devas cherish you: thus cherishing one another, ye shall gain the highest good. 11
p. 78
12. \"The Devas, cherished by Yajna, will give you desired-for objects." So, he who enjoys objects given by the Devas without offering (in return) to them, is verily a thief.
13. The good, eating the remnants of Yajna, are freed from all sins: but who cook food (only) for themselves, those sinful ones eat sin. 13
p. 79
14. From food come forth beings: from rain food is produced: from Yajna arises rain and Yajna is born of Karma. 14
p. 80
15. Know Karma to have risen from the Veda, and the Veda from the Imperishable. Therefore the all-pervading Veda is ever centred in Yajna. 15
16. He, who here follows not the wheel thus set revolving, living in sin, and satisfied in the senses, O son of Prith,--he lives in vain. 16
p. 81
17. But the man who is devoted to the Self, and is satisfied with the Self, and content in the Self alone, he has no obligatory duty.
18. He has no object in this world (to gain) by doing (an action), nor (does he incur any loss) by non-performance of action,--nor has he (need of) depending on any being for any object.
p. 82
19. Therefore, do thou always perform actions which are obligatory, without attachment;--by performing action without attachment, one attains to the highest.
20. Verily by action alone, Janaka and others attained perfection;--also, simply with the view for the guidance of men, thou shouldst perform action. 20
p. 83
21. Whatsoever the superior person does, that is followed by others. What he demonstrates by action, that, people follow.
22. I have, O son of Prith, no duty, nothing that I have not gained, and nothing that I have to gain, in the three worlds; yet, I continue in action.
p. 84
23. If ever I did not continue in work, without relaxation, men, O son of Prith, would in every way, follow in My wake.
24. If I did not do work, these worlds would perish. I should be the cause of the admixture of races, and I should ruin these beings.
25. As do the unwise, attached to work, act, so should the wise act, O descendant of Bharata, (but) without
p. 85
attachment, desirous of the guidance of the world.
26. One should not unsettle the understanding of the ignorant, attached to action; the wise, (himself) steadily acting, should engage (the ignorant) in all work.
27. The Gunas of Prakriti perform all action. With the understanding deluded by egoism, man thinks, "I am the doer."
p. 86
28. But, one, with true insight into the domains of Guna and Karma, knowing that Gunas as senses merely rest on Gunas as objects, does not become attached. 28
29. Men of perfect knowledge should not unsettle (the understanding of) people of dull wit and imperfect knowledge, who deluded by the Gunas of Prakriti attach (themselves) to the functions of the Gunas. 29
p. 87
30. Renouncing all actions to Me, with mind centred on the Self, getting rid of hope and selfishness, fight,--free from (mental) fever.
31. Those men who constantly practise this teaching of Mine, full of Shraddh and without cavilling, they too, are freed from work. 31
p. 88
32. But those who decrying this teaching of Mine do not practise (it), deluded in all knowledge, and devoid of discrimination, know them to be ruined.
33. Even a wise man acts in accordance with his own nature: beings follow nature: what can restraint do? 33
p. 89
34. Attachment and aversion of the senses for their respective objects are natural: let none come under their sway: they are his foes. 34
p. 90
35. Better is one's own Dharma, (though) imperfect, than the Dharma of another well-performed. Better is death in one's own Dharma: the Dharma of another is fraught with fear. 35
Arjuna said:
36. But by what impelled does man commit sin, though against his wishes, O Vrshneya, constrained as it were, by force? 36
p. 91
The Blessed Lord said:
37. It is desire--it is anger, born of the Rajo-guna: of great craving, and of great sin; know this as the foe here (in this world). 37
p. 92
38. As fire is enveloped by smoke, as a mirror by dust, as an embryo by the secundine, so is it covered by that. 38
39. Knowledge is covered by this, the constant foe of the wise, O son of Kunti, the unappeasable fire of desire. 39
p. 93
40. The senses, the mind and the intellect are said to be its abode: through these, it deludes the embodied by veiling his wisdom. 40
p. 94
41. Therefore, O Bull of the Bharata race, controlling the senses at the outset, kill it,--the sinful, the destroyer of knowledge and realisation.
42. The senses are said to be superior (to the body); the mind is superior to the senses; the intellect is superior to the mind; and that which is superior to the intellect is He (the Atman).
43. Thus, knowing Him who is superior to the intellect, and restraining
p. 95
the self by the Self, destroy, O mighty-armed, that enemy, the unseizable foe, desire.
The end of the third chapter, designated The Way of Action.
Footnotes
73:3 \"Meditative"--those who prefer meditation to external action.
"Active"--those who believe in external work with or without meditation.
74:4 Worklessness and perfection: These are synonymous terms, meaning, becoming one with the Infinite and free from all ideas of want. A man who has reached this state can have no necessity or desire for work as a means to an end. Perfect satisfaction in the Self is his natural condition. (Vide Iii. 17.)
74:5 \"All are made to act:" All men living under bondage.
76:9 \"Yajna:" means a religious rite, sacrifice, worship: Or an action done with a good or spiritual motive. It also means the Deity. The Taittiriya-Samhit (i. 7. 4.) says, "Yajna is Vishnu Himself."
76:* See comment on V. 13.
77:10 \"Prajpati"--the creator or Brahma.
77:11 \"Devas:" (lit. the shining ones) beings much higher than man in the scale of evolution, who are in charge of cosmic functions.
78:13 \"Deva-Yajna:" offering sacrifices to the gods, "Brahma-Yajna:" teaching and reciting the Scriptures, "Pitri-Yajna:" offering libations of water to one's p. 79 ancestors, "Nri-Yajna:" the feeding of the hungry, and "Bhuta-Yajna:" the feeding of the lower animals;--are the five daily duties enjoined on householders. The performance of these duties frees them from the fivefold sin, inevitable to a householder's life, due to the killing of life, from the use of, (1) the pestle and mortar, (2) the grinding-stone, (3) the oven, (4) the water-jar, and (5) the broom.
79:14 \"Yajna:" Here it denotes not the sacrificial deeds themselves but the subtle principle, into which they are converted, after they have been performed, to appear, later on, as their fruits. This is technically known as Apurva.
"Karma" or sacrificial deeds prescribed in the Vedas.
80:15 \"All-pervading Veda:" because it illumines all subjects and is the store of all knowledge, being the out-breathing of the Omniscient. It is said to be ever centred in Yajna, because it deals chiefly with Yajna, as the means of achieving the end, either of prosperity or final liberation, according as it is performed with or without desire.
80:16 The "wheel" of action started by Prajpati on the basis of Veda and sacrifice.
82:20 \"Guidance of men:" the Sanskrit word means, gathering of men,--that is, into the right path.
86:28 \"With true insight etc.:" Knowing the truth that the Self is distinct from all Gunas, and actions.
86:29 p. 87 "Those of imperfect knowledge"--those who can only see as far as the immediate effect of actions.
87:31 \"Shraddh:" is a mental attitude constituted primarily of sincerity of purpose, humility, reverence and faith. You have Shraddh for your Guru--it p. 88 is sincere reverence. You have Shraddh for the Gita --it is admiration for those of its teachings you understand and faith in those that you do not. You give alms to a beggar with Shraddh--it is a sense of humility combined with the hope that what you give will be acceptable and serviceable.
88:33 p. 89 The reason why some people do not follow the teaching of the Lord is explained here: Their (lower) nature proves too strong for them.
89:34 \"His:" of the seeker after truth.
Though, as has been said in the foregoing Sloka, some are so completely under the sway of their natural propensities, that restraint is of no avail to them, yet the seeker after truth should never think of following their example, but should always exert himself to overrule all attachment and aversion of the senses for their objects.
90:35 The implication is that Arjuna's thought of desisting from fight and going in for the calm and peaceful life of the Brahman is promoted by man's natural desire to shun what is disagreeable and embrace what is agreeable to the senses. He should on no account yield to this weakness.
90:36 p. 91 "Vrshneya:" a descendant of the race of Vrishni.
91:37 \"It is desire etc.:" anger is only another form of desire,--desire obstructed. (See Note, Ii. 62-63).
92:38 \"It" is knowledge, and "that" is desire, as explained in the following Sloka.
Three stages of the overclouding of knowledge or Self by desire are described by the three illustrations here given. The first stage is Sttvika,--fire enveloped by smoke:--the rise of a slight wind of discrimination dispels the smoke of desire in a Sttvika heart. The second, the Rjasika,--the dust on a mirror, requires some time and preparation. While the third,--the Tmasika, takes a much longer time, like the release of the embryo from the afterbirth.
92:39 Desire is undoubtedly the foe of all mankind. Why it is said to be the constant foe of the wise, is p. 93 that they "feel" it to be so even when under its sway. Fools are awakened for a moment only, when they suffer from its painful reactions.
93:40 Like a wise general, Krishna points out the fortress of the enemy, by conquering which the enemy is easily defeated.
"Through these:" by vitiating the senses, mind and the intellect.
