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The

Va
\"G"RA"KKH"Edik

Or

Diamond-cutter.

Adoration
to the blessed rya-pra"g"-pramit (perfection of wisdom).

I.

Thus it was heard by me: At one time Bhagavat (the blessed Buddha) dwelt in "S"rvast, in the grove of "G"eta, in the garden of Anthapi"nd"ada, together with a large company of Bhikshus (mendicants), viz. with 1250 Bhikshus, with many noble-minded Bodhisattvas.

[1.
\"G"eta, son of king Prasena"g"it, to whom the park belonged before it was sold to Anthapi"nd"ada.

2. Another name of Sudatta, meaning, literally, he who gives food to the poor.

3. The number of 1250 is explained by a Chinese priest Lun-hin, in his commentary on the Amityur-dhyna-stra. According to the Dharmagupta-vinaya, which he quotes, the number consisted of 500 disciples of Uruvilva-k"s"yapa, 300 of Gay-k"s"yapa, 200 of Nad-k"s"yapa, 150 of "S"riputra, and 100 of Maudgalyyana. The Chinese translators often mistook the Sanskrit expression 'half-thirteen hundred,' i.e. 1250. See Bunyiu Nanjio, Catalogue of Tripitaka, p. 6.

4.
Higher beings on the road to Bodhi or perfect knowledge. They are destined hereafter to become Buddhas themselves.]

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Then Bhagavat having in the forenoon put on his undergarment, and having taken his bowl and cloak, entered the great city of "S"rvast to collect alms. Then Bhagavat, after he had gone to the great city of "S"rvast to collect alms, performed the act of eating, and having returned from his round in the afternoon, he put away his bowl and cloak, washed his feet, and sat down on the seat intended for him, crossing his legs, holding his body upright, and turning his reflection upon himself. Then many Bhikshus approached to where Bhagavat was, saluted his feet with their heads, turned three times round hira to the right, and sat down on one side. (1)

Ii.

At that time again the venerable Subhti came to that assembly and sat down. Then rising from his seat and putting his robe over one shoulder, kneeling on the earth with his right knee, he stretched out his folded hands towards Bhagavat and said to him: 'It is wonderful, O Bhagavat, it is exceedingly wonderful, O Sugata, how much the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been favoured with the highest favour by the Tathgata, the holy and

[1. In Pli pubba"m"hasmaya"m" nivsetva, the technical expression for putting on the robes early in the morning; see Childers, s.v. nivseti.

2. In Pli katabhattaki"kk"o, see Childers, s.v.

3. In Pli pa"kkh"bhatta"m" pi"nd"aptapa"t"ikknta, see Childers, s.v. pi"nd"apta. Vi"g". observes that pa"kkh"abhatta"m" pi"nd"aptapa"t"ikknto is a {Greek "ú!oteron prteron"}, as it means, having returned from his rounds, and then made his meal on the food obtained on his rounds.

4. Pli pa"ata.

5. Burnouf, Lotus, p. 334.]

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fully enlightened! It is wonderful how much the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been instructed with the highest instruction by the Tathgata, the holy and fully enlightened! How then, O Bhagavat, should the son or the daughter of a good family, after having entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas, behave, how should he advance, and how should he restrain his thoughts?'

After the venerable Subhti had thus spoken, Bhagavat said to him: 'Well said, well said, Subhti! So it is, Subhti, so it is, as you say. The noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been favoured with the highest favour by the Tathgata, the noble-minded Bodhisattvas have been instructed with the highest instruction by the Tathgata. Therefore, O Subhti, listen and take it to heart, well and rightly. I shall tell you, how any one who has entered on the path of Bodhisanvas should behave, how he should advance, and how he should restrain his thoughts.' Then the venerable Subhti answered the Bhagavat and said: 'So be it, O Bhagavat.' (2)

Iii.

Then the Bhagavat thus spoke to him: 'Any one, O Subhti, who has entered here on the path of the Bodhisattvas must thus frame his thought: As many beings as there are in this world of beings, comprehended under the term of beings (either born of eggs, or from the womb, or from moisture, or miraculously), with form or without form, with name or without name, or neither with nor without name, as far as

[1. I
have followed the Chinese translator, who translates parndita by instructed, entrusted, not by protected.]

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any known world of beings is known, all these must be delivered by me in the perfect world of Nirv"n"a. And yet, after I have thus delivered immeasurable beings, not one single being has been delivered. And why? If, O Subhti, a Bodhisattva had any idea of (belief in) a being, he could not be called a Bodhisattva (one who is fit to become a Buddha). And why? Because, O Subhti, no one is to be called a Bodhisattva, for whom there should exist the idea of a being, the idea of a living being, or the idea of a person.' (3)

Iv.

'And again, O Subhti, a gift should not be given by a Bodhisattva, while he believes in objects; a gift should not be given by him, while he believes in anything; a gift should not be given by him, while he believes in form; a gift should not be given by him, while he believes in the special qualities of sound, smell, taste, and touch. For thus, O Subhti, should a gift be given by a noble-minded Bodhisattva, that he should not believe even in the idea of cause. And why? Because that Bodhisattva, O Subhti, who gives a gift, without believing in anything, the measure of his stock of merit is not easy to learn.'--'What do you think, O Subhti, is it easy to learn the measure of space in the eastern quarter?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat.'--Bhagavat said: 'In like manner, is it easy to learn the measure of space in the southern, western, northern quarters, below and above (nadir and zenith), in quarters and subquarters, in the ten quarters all round?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed,

[1. To believe here means to depend on or ta accept as real.]

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O
Bhagavat.
' Bhagavat said: 'In the same manner, O Subhti, the measure of the stock of merit of a Bodhisattva, who gives a gift without believing in anything, is not easy to learn. And thus indeed, O Subhti, should one who has entered on the path of Bodhisattvas give a gift, that he should not believe even in the idea of cause.' (4)

V.

'Now, what do you think, O Subhti, should a Tathgata be seen (known) by the possession of signs?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs. And why? Because what has been preached by the Tathgata as the possession of signs, that is indeed the possession of no-signs.'

After this, Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhti: 'Wherever there is, O Subhti, the possession of signs, there is falsehood; wherever there is no possession of signs, there is no falsehood. Hence the Tathgata is to be seen (known) from no-signs as signs.' (5)

Vi.

After this, the venerable Subhti spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'Forsooth, O Bhagavat, will there be any beings in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time

[1. Qualities by which he could be known.

2. It would be easier to read laksha"n"laksha"n"atvata"h", from the signs having the character of no-signs. M. de Harlez translates rightly, 'c'est par le non-marque de marquer que la Tathgata doit tre vu et reconnu.'

3. I have changed Pa"k"s"at into Pa"k"a"s"at, because what is intended here is evidently the last of the periods of 500 years each, which, according to the Mahyna-Buddhists, elapsed after the death of Buddha. The following extract from the Mahsannipta-stra (Ta-tsi-king, No. 61 in Tripi"t"aka), given to me by Mr. B. Nanjio, fully explains the subject. 'It is stated in the fifty-first section of the Mahsannipta-stra, that Buddha said: "After my Nirv"n"a, in the first 500 years, all the Bhikshus and others will be strong in deliberation in my correct Law. (Those who first obtain the 'holy fruit,' i.e. the Srota-pannas, are called those who have obtained deliberation.) In the next or second 500 years, they will be strong in meditation. In the next or third 500 years, they will be strong in 'much learning,' i.e. bahu"s"ruta, religious knowledge. In the next or fourth 500 years, they will be strong in founding monasteries, &c. In the last or fifth 500 years, they will be strong in fighting and reproving. The pure (lit. white) Law will then become invisible."'

The question therefore amounts to this, whether in that corrupt age the law of Buddha will be understood? and the answer is, that there will be always some excellent Boddhisatvas who, even in the age of corruption, can understand the preaching of the Law.]

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of the decay of the good Law, who, when these very words of the Stras are being preached, will frame a true idea?' The Bhagavat said: 'Do not speak thus, Subhti. Yes, there will be some beings in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the decay of the good Law, who will frame a true idea when these very words are being preached.

'And again, O Subhti, there will be noble-minded Bodhisattvas, in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the decay of the good Law, there will be strong and good and wise beings, who, when these very words of the Stras are being preached, will frame a true idea. But those noble-minded Bodhisattvas, O Subhti, will not have served one Buddha only, and the stock

[1. Will understand them properly.]

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of their merit will not have been accumulated under one Buddha only; on the contrary, O Subhti, those noble-minded Bodhisattvas will have served many hundred thousands of Buddhas, and the stock of their merit will have been accumulated under many hundred thousands of Buddhas; and they, when these very words of the Stras are being preached, will obtain one and the same faith. They are known, O Subhti, by the Tathgata through his Buddha-knowledge; they are seen, O Subhti, by the Tathgata through his Buddha-eye; they are understood, O Subhti, by the Tathgata. All these, O Subhti, will produce and will hold fast an immeasurable and innumerable stock of merit. And why? Because, O Subhti, there does not exist in those noble-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of self, there does not exist the idea of a being, the idea of a living being, the idea of a person. Nor does there exist, O Subhti, for these noble-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of quality (dharma), nor of no-quality. Neither does there exist, O Subhti, any idea (sa"mg") or no-idea. And why? Because, O Subhti, if there existed for these noble-minded Bodhisattvas the idea of quality, then they would believe in a self, they would believe in a being, they would believe in a living being, they would believe in a person. And if there existed for them the idea of no-quality, even then they would believe in a self,

[1. I
am doubtful about the exact meaning of eka"k"ittaprasda. Childers gives eka"k"itta, as an adjective, with the meaning of 'having the same thought,' and "k"ittaprasda, as faith in Buddha. But eka"k"ittaprasda may also be 'faith producted by one thought, immediate faith,' and this too is a recognised form of faith in Buddhism. See Sukhvat, pp. 71, 108.]

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they would believe in a being, they would believe in a living being, they would believe in a person. And why? Because, O Subhti, neither quality nor no-quality is to be accepted by a noble-minded Bodhisattva. Therefore this hidden saying has been preached by the Tathgata: "By those who know the teaching of the Law, as like unto a raft, all qualities indeed must be abandoned; much more no-qualities"' (6)

Vii.

And again Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhti: 'What do you think, O Subhti, is there anything (dharma) that was known by the Tathgata under the name of the highest perfect knowledge, or anything that was taught by the Tathgata?'

After these words, the venerable Subhti spoke thus to Bhagavat: 'As I, O Bhagavat, understand the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, there is nothing that was known by the Tathgata under the name of the highest perfect knowledge, nor is there anything that is taught by the Tathgata. And why? Because that thing which was known or taught by the Tathgata is incomprehensible and inexpressible. It is neither a thing nor no-thing. And why? Because the holy persons are of imperfect power.' (7)

[1.
The same line is quoted in the Abhidharmakosha-vykhy.

2. ryapudgala need not be Bodhisattvas, but all who have entered on the path leading to Nirv"n"a.

3. Harlez: 'Parceque les entits suprieures sont produites telles sans tre relles et parfaites pour cela.' If sa"m"sk"ri"ta can be used in Buddhist literature in the sense of perfect, and prabhvit as power, my translation might pass, but even then the 'because' remains difficult.]

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Viii.

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, if a son or daughter of a good family filled this sphere of a million millions of worlds with the seven gems or treasures, and gave it as a gift to the holy and enlightened Tathgatas, would that son or daughter of a good family on the strength of this produce a large stock of merit?' Subhti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, that son or daughter of a good family would on the strength of this produce a large stock of merit. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, what was preached by the Tathgata as the stock of merit, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-stock of merit. Therefore the Tathgata preaches: "A stock of merit, a stock of merit indeed!"' Bhagavat said: 'And if, O Subhti, the son or daughter of a good family should fill this sphere of a million millions of worlds with the seven treasures and should give it as a gift to the holy and enlightened Tathgatas, and if another after taking from this treatise of the Law one Gth of four lines only should fully teach others and explain it, he indeed would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit immeasurable and innumerable. And why? Because, O Subhti, the highest perfect knowledge of the holy and enlightened Tathgatas is produced from it; the blessed Buddhas are produced from it. And why? Because, O Subhti, when the Tathgata preached:

[1. See Childers, s.v. Lokadhtu.

2. Or should it be, bhshate*pu"n"yaskandha"h" pu"n"yaskandha iti, i.e. he preaches no-stock of merit is the stock of merit? It would not be applicable to later passages, but the style of the Stras varies.]

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\"The qualities of Buddha, the qualities of Buddha indeed!" they were preached by him as no-qualities of Buddha. Therefore they are called the qualities of Buddha.' (8)

Ix.

Bhagavat said: 'Now, what do you think, O Subhti, does a Srota-panna think in this wise: The fruit of Srota-patti has been obtained by me?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Srota-panna does not think in this wise: The fruit of Srota-patti has been obtained by me. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, he has not obtained any particular state (dharma). Therefore he is called a Srota-panna. He has not obtained any form, nor sounds, nor smells, nor tastes, nor things that can be touched. Therefore he is called a Srota-panna. If, O Bhagavat, a Srota-panna were to think in this wise: The fruit of Srota-patti has been obtained by me, he would believe in a self, he would believe in a being, he would believe in a living being, he would believe in a person.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, does a Sak"ri"dgmin think in this wise: The fruit of a Sak"ri"dgmin has been obtained by me?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Sak"ri"dgmin

[1. This phrase is wanting in the Sanskrit MSS., but it is found in the Chinese translation of Dharmagupta, of the Sui dynasty (a. D. 589-618).

2.
Srota-panna, a man who has obtained the first grade of sanctification, literally, who has entered the stream. The second grade is that of the Sak"ri"dgmin, who returns once. The third grade is that of the Angmin, who does not return at all, but is born in the Brahman world from whence he becomes an Arhat and may obtain Nirv"n"a.]

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does not think in this wise: The fruit of a Sak"ri"dgmin has been obtained by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being (dharma), who has obtained the state of a Sak"ri"dgmin. Therefore he is called a Sak"ri"dgmin.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, does an Angmin think in this wise: The fruit of an Angmin has been obtained by me?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, an Angmin does not think in this wise: The fruit of an Angmin has been obtained by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being, who has obtained the state of an Angmin. Therefore he is called an Angmin.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, does an Arhat think in this wise: The fruit of an Arhat has been obtained by me?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, an Arhat does not think in this wise: The fruit of an Arhat has been obtained by me. And why? Because he is not an individual being, who is called an Arhat. Therefore he is called an Arhat. And if, O Bhagavat, an Arhat were to think in this wise: The state of an Arhat has been obtained by me, he would believe in a self, he would believe in a being, he would believe in a living being, he would believe in a person.

'And why? I have been pointed out, O Bhagavat, by the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata, as the foremost of those who dwell in virtue.

[1. Ara"n"vihrin. Ra"n"a is strife, then sin, therefore ara"n"a might be peace and virtue, only the a would be short. Probably ara"n"avihrin was formed with reference to ra"n"ya-vihrin, living in the forest, retired from the world, and in peace, just as arhan, worthy, was changed into arahan, the destroyer of sin. Beal translates, 'one who delights in the mortification of an Ara"n"yaka (forest devotee).' De Harlez: 'chey de ceux qui ne sont plus attachs la jouissance.']

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I, O
Bhagavat, am an Arhat, freed from passion. And yet, O Bhagavat, I do not think in this wise: I am an Arhat, I am freed from passion. If, O Bhagavat, I should think in this wise, that the state of an Arhat has been obtained by me, then the Tathgata would not have truly prophesied of me, saying: "Subhti, the son of a good family, the foremost of those dwelling in virtue, does not dwell anywhere, and therefore he is called a dweller in virtue, a dweller in virtue indeed!"' (9)

X.

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, is there anything (dharma) which the Tathgata has adopted from the Tathgata Dpankara, the holy and fully enlightened?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat; there is not anything which the Tathgata has adopted from the Tathgata Dpankara, the holy and fully enlightened.'

Bhagavat said: 'If, O Subhti, a Bodhisattva should say: "I shall create numbers of worlds," he would say what is untrue. And why? Because, O Subhti, when the Tathgata preached: Numbers of worlds, numbers of worlds indeed! they were preached by him as no-numbers. Therefore they are called numbers of worlds.

'Therefore, O Subhti, a noble-minded Bodhisattva should in this wise frame an independent

[1. A
former Buddha.]

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mind, which is to be framed as a mind not believing in anything, not believing in form, not believing in sound, smell, taste, and anything that can be touched. Now, for instance, O Subhti, a man might have a body and a large body, so that his size should be as large as the king of mountains, Sumeru. Do you think then, O Subhti, that his selfhood (he himself) would be large?' Subhti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, his selfhood would be large. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, when the Tathgata preached: "Selfhood, selfhood indeed!" it was preached by him as no-selfhood. Therefore it is called selfhood.' (10)

Xi.

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, if there were as many Gang rivers as there are grains of sand in the large river Gang, would the grains of sand be many?' Subhti said: 'Those Gang rivers would indeed be many, much more the grains of sand in those Gang rivers.' Bhagavat said: 'I tell you, O Subhti, I announce to you, If a woman or man were to fill with the seven treasures as many worlds as there would be grains of sand in those Gang rivers and present them as a gift to the holy and fully enlightened Tathgatas--What do you think, O Subhti, would that woman or man on the strength of this produce a large stock of merit?' Subhti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, that woman or man would on the strength of this produce a large stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' Bhagavat said: 'And if, O Subhti, a woman or man having filled so many worlds with the seven treasures should give them as a gift to the holy and enlightened Tathgatas,

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and if another son or daughter of a good family, after taking from this treatise of the Law one Gth of four lines only, should fully teach others and explain it, he, indeed, would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' (11)

Xii.

'Then again, O Subhti, that part of the world in which, after taking from this treatise of the Law one Gth of four lines only, it should be preached or explained, would be like a "K"aitya (holy shrine) for the whole world of gods, men, and spirits; what should we say then of those who learn the whole of this treatise of the Law to the end, who repeat it, understand it, and fully explain it to others? They, O Subhti, will be endowed with the highest wonder. And in that place, O Subhti, there dwells the teacher, or one after another holding the place of the wise preceptor.' (12)

Xiii.

After these words, the venerable Subhti spoke thus to Bhagavat: 'O Bhagavat, how is this treatise of the Law called, and how can I learn it?' After this, Bhagavat spoke thus to the venerable Subhti: 'This treatise of the Law, O Subhti, is called the Pra"g"-pramit (Transcendent wisdom), and you should learn it by that name. And why? Because, O Subhti, what was preached by the Tathgata as the Pra"g"-pramit, that was preached by the

[1. With what excites the highest wonder.

2. "S"ast, often the name of Budha, Pli sattha.

3. This may refer to a succession of teachers handing down the tradition one to the other.]

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Tathgata as no-Pramit. Therefore it is called the Pra"g"-pramit.

'Then, what do you think, O Subhti, is there anything (dharma) that was preached by the Tathgata?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagvat, there is not anything that was preached by the Tathgata.'

Bhagavat said. 'What do you think then, O Subhti,--the dust of the earth which is found in this sphere of a million millions of worlds, is that much?' Subhti said: 'Yes, O Bhagavat, yes, O Sugata, that dust of the earth would be much. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, what was preached by the Tathgata as the dust of the earth, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-dust. Therefore it is called the dust of the earth. And what was preached by the Tathgata as the sphere of worlds, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-sphere. Therefore it is called the sphere of worlds.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, is a holy and fully enlightened Tathgata to be seen (known) by the thirty-two signs of a hero?' Subhti said: 'No indeed, O Bhagavat; a holy and fully enlightened Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the thirty-two signs of a hero. And why? Because what was preached by the Tathgata as the thirty-two signs of a hero, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-signs. Therefore they are called the thirty-two signs of a hero.'

Bhagavat said: 'If, O Subhti, a woman or man should day by day sacrifice his life (selfhood) as

[1. tmabhva seems to refer here to the living body, not to the spiritual tman, which, according to Buddha, can be got rid of by knowledge only. Buddha himself sacrificed his life again and again, and a willingness to die would probably be accepted for the deed.]

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many times as there are grains of sand in the river Gang, and if he should thus sacrifice his life for as many kalpas as there are grains of sand in the river Gang, and if another man, after taking from this treatise of the Law one Gth of four lines only, should fully teach others and explain it, he indeed would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.' (13)

Xiv.

At that time, the venerable Subhti was moved by the power of the Law, shed tears, and having wiped his tears, he thus spoke to Bhagavat: 'It is wonderful, O Bhagavat, it is exceedingly wonderful, O Sugata, how fully this teaching of the Law has been preached by the Tathgata for the benefit of those beings who entered on the foremost path (the path that leads to Nirv"n"a), and who entered on the best path, from whence, O Bhagavat, knowledge has been produced in me. Never indeed, O Bhagavat, has such a teaching of the Law been heard by me before. Those Bodhisattvas, O Bhagavat, will be endowed with the highest wonder, who when this Stra is being preached hear it and will frame to themselves a true idea. And why? Because what is a true idea is not a true idea. Therefore the Tathgata preaches: "A true idea, a true idea indeed!"

'It is no wonder to me, O Bhagavat, that I accept and believe this treatise of the Law, which has been preached. And those beings also, O Bhagavat,

[1. Will possess miraculous powers, and will be admired.]

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who will exist in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time of the decay of the good Law, who will learn this treatise of the Law, O Bhagavat, remember it, recite it, understand it, and fully explain it to others, they will indeed be endowed with the highest wonder.

'But, O Bhagavat, there will not arise in them any idea of a self, any idea of a being, of a living being, or a person, nor does there exist for them any idea or no-idea. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, the idea of a self is no-idea, and the idea of a being, or a living being, or a person is no-idea. And why? Because the blessed Buddhas are freed from all ideas.'

After these words, Bhagavat thus spoke to the venerable Subhti: 'So it is, O Subhti, so it is. Those beings, O Subhti, who when this Stra was being recited here will not be disturbed or frightened or become alarmed, will be endowed with the highest wonder. And why? Because, O Subhti, this was preached by the Tathgata, as the Paramapramit, which is no-Pramit. And, O Subhti, what the Tathgata preaches as the Paramapramit, that was preached also by immeasurable blessed Buddhas. Therefore it is called the Paramapramit.

'And, O Subhti, the Pramit or the highest perfection of endurance (kshnti) belonging to a Tathgata, that also is no-Pramit. And why? Because, O Subhti, at the time when the king of Kalinga cut my flesh from every limb, I had no idea of a self, of a being, of a living being, or of

[1. The Chinese text points to Kalir"g". On this Kalir"g" or Kalin"ri"pa see Lalita-vistara, p. 191.]

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a person; I had neither an idea nor no-idea. And why? Because, O Subhti, if I at that time had had an idea of a self, I should also have had an idea of malevolence. If I had had an idea of a being, or of a living being, or of a person, I should also have had an idea of malevolence. And why? Because, O Subhti, I remember the past 500 births, when I was the "Ri"shi Kshntivdin (preacher of endurance). At that time also, I had no idea of a self, of a being, of a living being, of a person. Therefore then, O Subhti, a noble-minded Bodhisattva, after putting aside all ideas, should raise his mind to the highest perfect knowledge. He should frame his mind so as not to believe (depend) in form, sound, smell, taste, or anything that can be touched, in something (dharma), in nothing or anything. And why? Because what is believed is not believed (not to be depended on). Therefore the Tathgata preaches: "A gift should not be given by a Bodhisattva who believes in anything, it should not be given by one who believes in form, sound, smell, taste, or anything that can be touched."

'And again, O Subhti, a Bodhisattva should in such wise give his gift for the benefit of all beings. And why? Because, O Subhti, the idea of a being is no-idea. And those who are thus spoken of by the Tathgata as all beings are indeed no-beings. And why? Because, O Subhti, a Tathgata says what is real, says what is true, says the things as they are; a Tathgata does not speak untruth.

'But again, O Subhti, whatever doctrine has been

[1. See before, chap. iv.]

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perceived, taught, and meditated on by a Tathgata, in it there is neither truth nor falsehood. And as a man who has entered the darkness would not see anything, thus a Bodhisattva is to be considered who is immersed in objects, and who being immersed in objects gives a gift. But as a man who has eyes would, when the night becomes light, and the sun has risen, see many things, thus a Bodhisattva is to be considered who is not immersed in objects, and who not being immersed in objects gives a gift.

'And again, O Subhti, if any sons or daughters of good families will learn this treatise of the Law, will remember, recite, and understand it, and fully explain it to others, they, O Subhti, are known by the Tathgata through his Buddha-knowledge, they are seen, O Subhti, by the Tathgata through his Buddha-eye. All these beings, O Subhti, will produce and hold fast an immeasurable and innumerable stock of merit.' (14)

Xv.

'And if, O Subhti, a woman or man sacrificed in the morning as many lives as there are grains of sand in the river Gang and did the same at noon and the same in the evening, and if in this way they sacrificed their lives for a hundred thousands of niyutas of ko"t"s of ages, and if another, after hearing this treatise of the Law, should not oppose it, then the latter would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable. What should we say then of him who after having written it, learns it, remembers it, understands it, and fully explains it to others?

'And again, O Subhti, this treatise of the Law is

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incomprehensible and incomparable. And this treatise of the Law has been preached by the Tathgata for the benefit of those beings who entered on the foremost path (the path that leads to Nirv"n"a), and who entered on the best path. And those who will learn this treatise of the Law, who will remember it, recite it, understand it, and fully explain it to others, they are known, O Subhti, by the Tathgata through his Buddha-knowledge, they are seen, O Subhti, by the Tathgata through his Buddha-eye. All these beings, O Subhti, will be endowed with an immeasurable stock of merit, they will be endowed with an incomprehensible, incomparable, immeasurable and unmeasured stock of merit. All these beings, O Subhti, will equally remember the Bodhi (the highest Buddha-knowledge), will recite it, and understand it. And why? Because it is not possible, O Subhti, that this treatise of the Law should be heard by beings of little faith, by those who believe in self, in beings, in living beings, and in persons. It is impossible that this treatise of the Law should be heard by beings who have not acquired the knowledge of Bodhisattvas, or that it should be learned, remembered, recited, and understood by them. The thing is impossible.

'And again, O Subhti, that part of the world in which this Stra will be propounded, will have to be honoured by the whole world of gods, men, and evil spirits, will have to be worshipped, and will become like a "K"aitya (a holy sepulchre).' (15)

Xvi.

And, O Subhti, sons or daughters of a good family who will learn these very Stras, who will

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remember them. recite them, understand them, thoroughly take them to heart, and fully explain them to others, they will be overcome, they will be greatly overcome. And why? Because, O Subhti, whatever evil deeds these beings have done in a former birth, deeds that must lead to suffering, those deeds these beings, owing to their being overcome, after they have seen the Law, will destroy, and they will obtain the knowledge of Buddha.

'I remember, O Subhti, in the past, before innumerable and more than innumerable kalpas, there were eighty-four hundred thousands of niyutas of ko"t"s of Buddhas following after the venerable and fully enlightened Tathgata Dpankara, who were pleased by me, and after being pleased were not displeased. And if, O Subhti, these blessed Buddhas were pleased by me, and after being pleased were not displeased, and if on the other hand people at the last time, at the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time of the decay of the good Law, will learn these very Stras, remember them, recite them, understand them, and fully explain them to others, then, O Subhti, in comparison with their stock of merit that former stock of merit will not come to one hundredth part, nay, not to one thousandth part, not to a hundred thousandth part, not to a ten millionth part, not to a hundred millionth part, not to a hundred thousand ten millionth part, not to a hundred thousands of niyutas ten millionth part. It will not bear number, nor fraction, nor counting, nor comparison, nor approach, nor analogy.

'And if, O Subhti, I were to tell you the stock of

[1. Paribhta is explained by despised, but the sense, or even the non-sense, is difficult to understand.]

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merit of those sons or daughters of good families, and how large a stock of merit those sons or daughters of good families will produce, and hold fast at that time, people would become distracted and their thoughts would become bewildered. And again, O Subhti, as this treatise of the Law preached by the Tathgata is incomprehensible and incomparable, its rewards also must be expected (to be) incomprehensible.' (16)

Xvii.

At that time the venerable Subhti thus spoke to the Bhagavat: 'How should a person, after having entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas, behave, how should he advance, and how should he restrain his thoughts?' Bhagavat said: 'He who has entered on the path of the Bodhisativas should thus frame his thought: All beings must be delivered by me in the perfect world of Nirv"n"a; and yet after I have thus delivered these beings, no being has been delivered. And why? Because, O Subhti, if a Bodhisattva had any idea of beings, he could not be called a Bodhisattva, and so on from the idea of a living being to the idea of a person; if he had any such idea, he could not be called a Bodhisattva. And why? Because, O Subhti, there is no such thing (dharma) as one who has entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas.

'What do you think, O Subhti, is there anything which the Tathgata has adopted from the Tathgata Dpankara with regard to the highest perfect knowledge? 'After this, the venerable Subhti

[1. See chap. iii, p. 114.]

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spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'As far as I, O Bhagavat, understand the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, there is nothing which has been adopted by the Tathgata from the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata Dpankara with regard to the highest perfect knowledge.' After this, Bhagavat thus spoke to the venerable Subhti: 'So it is, Subhti, so it is. There is not, O Subhti, anything which has been adopted by the Tathgata from the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata Dpankara with regard to the highest perfect knowledge. And if, O Subhti, anything had been adopted by the Tathgata, the Tathgata Dpankara would not have prophesied of me, saying: "Thou, O boy, wilt be in the future the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata called "S"kyamuni." Because then, O Subhti, there is nothing that has been adopted by the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata with regard to the highest perfect knowledge, therefore I was prophesied by the Tathgata Dpankara, saying: "Thou, boy, wilt be in the future the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata called "S"kyamuni."

'And why, O Subhti, the name of Tathgata? It expresses true suchness. And why Tathgata, O Subhti? It expresses that he had no origin. And why Tathgata, O Subhti? It expresses the destruction of all qualities. And why Tathgata, O Subhti? It expresses one who had no origin whatever. And why this? Because, O Subhti, no-origin is the highest goal.

'And whosoever, O Subhti, should say that, by the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata, the highest

[1. This prophecy is supposed to have been addressed by Dpankara to "S"kyamuni, before he had become a Buddha.]

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perfect knowledge has been known, he would speak an untruth, and would slander me, O Subhti, with some untruth that he has learned. And why? Because there is no such thing, O Subhti, as has been known by the Tathgata with regard to the highest perfect knowledge. And in that, O Subhti, which has been known and taught by the Tathgata, there is neither truth nor falsehood. Thetefore the Tathgata preaches: "All things are Buddha-things." And why? Because what was preached by the Tathgata, O Subhti, as all things, that was preached as no-things; and therefore all things are called Buddha-things.

'Now, O Subhti, a man might have a body and a large body.' The venerable Subhti said: That man who was spoken of by the Tathgata as a man with a body, with a large body, he, O Bhagavat, was spoken of by the Tathgata as without a body, and therefore he is called a man with a body and with a large body.'

Bhagavat said: 'So it is, O Subhti; and if a Bodhisattva were to say: "I shall deliver all beings," he ought not to be called a Bodhisattva. And why? Is there anything, O Subhti, that is called a Bodhisattva?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, Bhagavat, there is nothing which is called a Bodhisattva.' Bhagavat said: 'Those who were spoken of as beings, beings indeed, O Subhti, they were spoken of as no-beings by the Tathgata, and therefore they are called beings. Therefore the Tathgata says: "All beings are without self all beings are without life, without manhood, without a personality."

[1. Sans croissance, Harlez; see Childers, s.v. poriso.]

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'If, O Subhti, a Bodhisattva were to say: "I shall create numbers of worlds," he would say what is untrue. And why? Because, what were spoken of as numbers of worlds, numbers of worlds indeed, O Subhti, these were spoken of as no-numbers by the Tathgata, and therefore they are called numbers of worlds.

'A Bodhisattva, O Subhti, who believes that all things are without self, that all things are without self, he has faith, he is called a noble-minded Bodhisattva by the holy and fully enlightened Tathgata.' (17)

Xviii.

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, has the Tathgata the bodily eye?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathgata has the bodily eye.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, has the Tathgata the heavenly eye?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathgata has the heavenly eye.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, has the Tathgata the eye of knowledge?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathgata has the eye of knowledge.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, has the Tathgata the eye of the Law?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathgata has the eye of the Law.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, has the Tathgata the eye of Buddha?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, the Tathgata has the eye of Buddha.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, as many grains of sand as there are in the great river Gang--were they preached by the Tathgata

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as grains of sand?
' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, so it is, O Sugata, they were preached as grains of sand by the Tathgata.' Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, if there were as many Gang rivers as there are grains of sand in the great river Gang; and, if there were as many worlds as there are grains of sand in these, would these worlds be many?' Subhti said: 'So it is, O Bhagavat, so it is, O Sugata, these worlds would be many.' Bhagavat said: 'As many beings as there are in all those worlds, I know the manifold trains of thought of them all. And why? Because what was preached as the train of thoughts, the train of thoughts indeed, O Subhti, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-train of thoughts, and therefore it is called the train of thoughts. And why? Because, O Subhti, a past thought is not perceived, a future thought is not perceived, and the present thought is not perceived.' (18)

Xix.

'What do you think, O Subhti, if a son or a daughter of a good family should fill this sphere of a million millions of worlds with the seven treasures, and give it as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Buddhas, would that son or daughter of a good family produce on the strength of this a large stock of merit?' Subhti said: 'Yes, a large one.' Bhagavat said: 'So it is, Subhti, so it is; that son or daughter of a good family would produce on the strength of this a large stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable. And why? Because what was preached as a stock of merit, a stock of merit indeed, O Subhti, that was preached as no-stock

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of merit by the Tathgata, and therefore it is called a stock of merit. If, O Subhti, there existed a stock of merit, the Tathgata would not have preached: "A stock of merit, a stock of merit indeed!"'(19)

Xx.

'What do you think then, O Subhti, is a Tathgata to be seen (known) by the shape of his visible body?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the shape of his visible body. And why? Because, what was preached, O Bhagavat, as the shape of the visible body, the shape of the visible body indeed, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-shape of the visible body, and therefore it is called the shape of the visible body.'

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, should a Tathgata be seen (known) by the possession of signs?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs. And why? Because, what was preached by the Tathgata as the possession of signs, that was preached as no-possession of signs by the Tathgata, and therefore it is called the possession of signs.' (20)

Xxi.

Bhagavat said: 'What do you think, O Subhti, does the Tathgata think in this wise: The Law has been taught by me?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, does the Tathgata think in this wise: The Law has been taught by me.' Bhagavat said: 'If a man should say that the Law has been taught by the Tathgata, he would say what is not true; he

{p. 138}

would slander me with untruth which he has learned. And why? Because, O Subhti, it is said the teaching of the Law, the teaching of the Law indeed. O Subhti, there is nothing that can be perceived by the name of the teaching of the Law.'

After this, the venerable Subhti spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'Forsooth, O Bhagavat, will there be any beings in the future, in the last time, in the last moment, in the last 500 years, during the time of the decay of the good Law, who, when they have heard these very Laws, will believe?' Bhagavat said: 'These, O Subhti, are neither beings nor no-beings. And why? Because, O Subhti, those who were preached as beings, beings indeed, they were preached as no-beings by the Tathgata, and therefore they are called beings.' (2 1)

Xxii.

'What do you think then, O Subhti, is there anything which has been known by the Tathgata in the form of the highest perfect knowledge?' The venerable Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat, there is nothing, O Bhagavat, that has been known by the Tathgata in the form of the highest perfect knowledge.' Bhagavat said: 'So it is, Subhti, so it is. Even the smallest thing is not known or perceived there, therefore it is called the highest perfect knowledge.' (22)

Xxiii.

'Also, Subhti, all is the same there, there is no difference there, and therefore it is called the highest perfect knowledge. Free from self, free from being, free from life, free from personality, that

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highest perfect knowledge is always the same, and thus known with all good things. And why? Because, what were preached as good things, good things indeed, O Subhti, they were preached as no-things by the Tathgata, and therefore they are called good things.' (23)

Xxiv.

'And if, O Subhti, a woman or man, putting together as many heaps of the seven treasures as there are Sumerus, kings of mountains, in the sphere of a million millions of worlds, should give them as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Tathgatas; and, if a son or a daughter of a good family, after taking from this treatise of the Law, this Pra"g"pramit, one Gth of four lines only, should teach it to others, then, O Subhti, compared with his stock of merit, the former stock of merit would not come to the one hundredth part,' &c., till 'it will not bear an approach.' (24)

Xxv.

'What do you think then, O Subhti, does a Tathgatas think in this wise: Beings have been delivered by me? You should not think so, O Subhti. And why? Because there is no being, O Subhti, that has been delivered by the Tathgata. And, if there were a being, O Subhti, that has been delivered by the Tathgatas, then the Tathgata would believe in self, believe in a being, believe in a living being, and believe in a person. And what is called a belief in self, O Subhti, that is preached

[1. As before, in chap. xvi.]

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as no-belief by the Tathgata. And this is learned by children and ignorant persons; and they who were preached as children and ignorant persons, O Subhti, were preached as no-persons by the Tathgata, and therefore they are called children and ignorant persons.' (25)

Xxvi.

'What do you think then, O Subhti, is the Tathgata to be seen (known) by the possession of signs?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagavat. So far as I know the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, the Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs.' Bhagavat said: 'Good, good, Subhti, so it is, Subhti; so it is, as you say; a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs. And why? Because, O Subhti, if the Tathgata were to be seen (known) by the possession of signs, a wheel-turning king also would be a Tathgata; therefore a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs.' The venerable Subhti spoke thus to the Bhagavat: 'As I understand the meaning of the preaching of the Bhagavat, a Tathgata is not to be seen (known) by the possession of signs.' Then the Bhagavat at that moment preached these two Gths:

They who saw me by form, and they who heard me by sound,

They engaged in false endeavours, will not see me.

[1. This probably refers to the auspicious signs discovered in "S"kyamuni at his birth, which left it open whether he should become a king or a Buddha.]

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A
Buddha is to be seen (known) from the Law; for the Lords (Buddhas) have the Law-body;

And the nature of the Law cannot be understood, nor can it be made to be understood. (26)

Xxvii.

'What do you think then, O Subhti, has the highest perfect knowledge been known by the Tathgata through the possession of signs? You should not think so, O Subhti. And why? Because, O Subhti, the highest perfect knowledge would not be known by the Tathgata through the possession of signs. Nor should anybody, O Subhti, say to you that the destruction or annihilation of any thing is proclaimed by those who have entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas.' (27)

Xxviii.

'And if, O Subhti, a son or a daughter of a good family were to fill worlds equal to the number of grains of sand of the river Gang with the seven treasures, and give them as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Tathgatas; and if a Bodhisattva acquired endurance in selfless and uncreated things, then the latter will on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable.

'But, O Subhti, a stock of merit should not be appropriated by a noble-minded Bodhisattva.' The venerable Subhti said: 'Should a stock of merit, O Bhagavat, not be appropriated by a Bodhisattva?' Bhagavat said: 'It should be appropriated, O Subhti; it should not be appropriated; and therefore it is said: It should be appropriated.' (28)

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Xxix.

'And again, O Subhti, if anybody were to say that the Tathgata goes, or comes, or stands, or sits, or lies down, he, O Subhti, does not understand the meaning of my preaching. And why? Because the word Tathgata means one who does not go to anywhere, and does not come from anywhere; and therefore he is called the Tathgata (truly come), holy and fully enlightened.' (29)

Xxx.

'And again, O Subhti, if a son or a daughter of a good family were to take as many worlds as there are grains of earth-dust in this sphere of a million millions of worlds, and reduce them to such fine dust as can be made with immeasurable strength, like what is called a mass of the smallest atoms, do you think, O Subhti, would that be a mass of many atoms?' Subhti said: 'Yes, Bhagavat, yes, Sugata, that would be a mass of many atoms. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, if it were a mass of many atoms, Bhagavat would not call it a mass of many atoms. And why? Because, what was preached as a mass of many atoms by the Tathgata, that was preached as no-mass of atoms by the Tathgata; and therefore it is called a mass of many atoms. And what was preached by the Tathgata as the sphere of a million millions of worlds, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-sphere of worlds; and therefore it is called the sphere of a million millions of worlds. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, if there were a sphere of worlds, there would exist a belief in matter; and what was preached as a belief in matter by the Tathgata, that was

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preached as no-belief by the Tathgata; and therefore it is called a belief in matter.' Bhagavat said: 'And a belief in matter itself, O Subhti, is unmentionable and inexpressible; it is neither a thing nor no-thing, and this is known by children and ignorant persons.' (30)

Xxxi.

'And why? Because, O Subhti, if a man were to say that belief in self, belief in a being, belief in life, belief in personality had been preached by the Tathgata, would he be speaking truly?' Subhti said: 'Not indeed, Bhagavat, not indeed, Sugata; he would not be speaking truly. And why? Because, O Bhagavat, what was preached by the Tathgata as a belief in self, that was preached by the Tathgata as no-belief; therefore it is called belief in self.'

Bhagavat said: 'Thus then, O Subhti, are all things to be perceived, to be looked upon, and to be believed by one who has entered on the path of the Bodhisattvas. And in this wise are they to be perceived, to be looked upon, and to be believed, that a man should believe neither in the idea of a thing nor in the idea of a no-thing. And why? Because, by saying: The idea of a thing, the idea of a thing indeed, it has been preached by the Tathgata as no-idea of a thing.' (31)

Xxxii.

'And, O Subhti, if a noble-minded Bodhisattva were to fill immeasurable and innumerable spheres of worlds with the seven treasures, and give them as a gift to holy and fully enlightened Tathgatas;

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and if a son or a daughter of a good family, after taking from this treatise of the Law, this Pra"g"pramit, one Gth of four lines only, should learn it, repeat it, understand it, and fully explain it to others, then the latter would on the strength of this produce a larger stock of merit, immeasurable and innumerable. And how should he explain it? As in the sky:

Stars, darkness, a lamp, a phantom, dew, a bubble.

A dream, a flash of lightning, and a cloud--thus we should look upon the world (all that was made).

Thus he should explain; therefore it is said: He should explain.'

Thus spoke the Bhagavat enraptured. The elder Subhti, and the friars, nuns, the faithful laymen and women, and the Bodhisattvas also, and the whole world of gods, men, evil spirits and fairies, praised the preaching of the Bhagavat. (32)

Thus is finished the Diamond-cutter, the blessed Pra"g"pramit.
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