* "Greek Popular Religion", by Martin P. Nilsson, [1940],
p. 159
Index
Acheloos, 11
Acquirer, the, epithet of Zeus, 67, 70
Actaeon, 113
Acts, ancient Greek piety expressed in, 73, 76
Adam, James, 3
Adonis, 96 f., 131
Aeschines, 93, 97 "n"; quoted, 74
Aeschylus, 68, 70, 108; \"Agamemnon", 109
Agathos Daimon, 33, 70, 73
Agriculture, pastoral life, 5 ff.; understanding of Greek popular religion must start from, 5; climatic conditions and crops, 6, 51; customs and festivals, 22-41; importance of, 22, 57; basis of Eleusinian Mysteries an agrarian cult, 42, 45, 49, 54, 57 ff.; idea that civilized and peaceful life is created by, 57 ff.
Agyieus, "see" Apollo Agyieus
Aiora, festival, 33
Alcibaides, 122, 131, 133
All Souls' Day, 31, 34
Alms, customs of asking for, 37, 38
Ammon, 92, 124, 131
Amphictyonies, 98
Anaktes (the Dioscuri), 69
Anaxagoras, 122, 134, 137
Animal sacrifice, 87; meaning and origin, 74 f.
Animal-shaped daemons, 10-13
Anthesteria, festival, 31, 33 f., 35
Anthropology and study of religion, 3
Apocalypse of St. Peter, 119
Apollo, 9, 10, 15, 23, 39, 47, 98, 103, 108, 112; Thargelia dedicated to, 27; as averter of evil, 79 f.; god of healing, 93; ritualism which he promoted concerned only with cult, 106, 107; \"see" also Delphic oracle
Apollo Agyieus, 80, 82
Apollo Patroos, 67, 82, 83
Apulian tomb vases, 55, 119
Apulunas, 79
Arcadian deities, 9, 10
Archedemos, 14, 16
Archilochus, quoted, 74
Archons, newly elected, 66-67, 82 Ares, 112
Aristophanes, 36, 66, 80, 87, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 111, 122; references to Eleusinian Mysteries, 58, 59; attitude toward seers and oracles, 132, 133; exposition of natural philosophy, 136; "The Birds", 132; "The Clouds", 136; "The Frogs", 118; "The Knight"s, 132; "The Peace", 92
Aristotle, 4 "n", 23, 86, 122, 137
Armistice during festivals, 99
Artemis, 15 ff., 18, 21, 30, 39, 65; foremost of the nymphs, 16, 17; epithets, 16
Artisans and their deities, 87-90
Asclepius, 20, 95, 121; cults and sanctuary, 93 f.
Christianity, swept away the great gods, 16; Greek religion and, 20, 31, 73, 75, 76, 100
Christmas, resemblance to Anthesteria, 34
Chytroi, festival, 31, 34
Circle, magic, 28
Cities, so-called, often villages, 5, 22; religion. of, 84-101; life and conditions in, 84 ff.; country population crowded into, unemployment, 84; lead in culture, 84, 85; home of the great gods, 85 ff.; great temples, 86; artisans, 87-89; foreign gods brought in, 90 ff.; skepticism and emotionalism, 94-97; panegyreis, 97-101
Citizenship, proof of, 67, 82 Cleisthenes, 82
Clement of Alexandria, 43, 50; quoted, 45
Climatic conditions, and crops, 6, 51
\"Clouds, The", 136
Comedy, origin of, 36
Coppersmiths, 88, 89
Corn, as wealth, 51; in Eleusinian rites, 55
Corn deities, 24, 51, 52; \"see also" Demeter; Kore
Cornucopia, 47, 61, 69
Crafts and their deities, 87-90
Critias, 135
Crops, relation to climate, 51; "see also" Agriculture
Cult places, "see" Sanctuaries
Cults, care of, 80-83
Cumont, F., 119
Curses on leaden tablets, 114
Daemons, nature, 10 ff.
Danaids, the, 116
\"Days, The", 105 f.
"De"-, significance of, 24, 51
Dead, the, beliefs about, 8; offerings to, 8, 30, 34; abode of, 9, 59, 64, 115-20; souls represented by snake, 71; cult of, 115 ff.; "see also" Ghosts; Heroes
Death, ideas evoked by Eleusinian Mysteries, 59, 63
Deisidaimonia, 110
Delphi, 86, 93, 98, 116, 117
Delphic oracle, 20, 23, 57, 123, 128, 130, 133, 136; attitude toward legalism and mysticism, 106-108; popularity based on ability to foretell future, 124
Demeter, 23, 27, 32, 92, 98, 104, 135; goddess of cereals, 24, 50, 52 n; rites and festivals, 24 ff., 33, 36; Mysteries of, 32, 45; a goddess of the religion of Eleusis, 46 ff.; myth of the rape of daughter of, 48 ff.; Ploutos born of Iasion and, 51, 62; reunion with Kore, 54-55
Democritus, quoted, 118
Demosthenes, 93, 97 "n", 114
Descent of Kore, festival, 52; "see also" Kore
Diagoras, 122
Diet, staple, 22, 32
Dieterich, A., 119
Dionysiac orgies, 95, 103
Dionysus, 13, 32, 35, 39, 60, 93, 135; festivals, 23, 33, 34, 35 ff., 47, 86; Mysteries of, 31, 32, 50; date, functions, 35; costume, 47; mixing up of cult of, with Mysteries of Eleusis, 48, 62; popularity as herald of mystic and ecstatic religion, 103
Eleusinian Mysteries, 7, 25, 31, 39, 42-64, 95, 99, 116; basis of, an agrarian cult, 42, 45, 49, 54; secret rites, 42 ff.; akin to the Thesmophoria, 42, 44, 46, 49; treatment by Christian authors, 43; belonged to Eumolpidae, 43, 46, 81; modern attempts to find out kernel of, 44; antiquity and persistence of, 46, 63; mixed with cult of Dionysus, 48, 62; kernel of, the ascent of Corn Maiden, 54; deeper ideas of life and death evoked by, 59, 63; trials for profanation of, 94, 122
Eleusis, religion of, 42-64; antiquity of cult, 46, 63; deities, 46 ff., 60; founded upon idea of agriculture as creating civilized and peaceful life, 57
Emotional religion, 95-97
Empedocles, 99
Encirclement, magical rite, 28
Enodia, name for Hecate, 91
Epidaurus, sanctuary at, 86, 93, 94, 113
Epilepsy, 111 f.
Ergane, 89; "see also" Athena
Erichthonios, 61
Eternity of life, 60, 63, 64
Eubouleus, 47, 48, 49
Eumolpidae, family of the, 43, 46, 81
Euripides, 59, 135
Europe, northern: similarities between beliefs and customs of Greece and, 12, 13, 26, 29, 37, 41, 71
Euthymus, 18
Evans, Sir Arthur, 71
Evil, averters of, 78 ff.
Exegetes, the, 111, 133
Fairs at panegyreis, 100
Families, cults under care of, 46, 81
Family and house cults, 65-83
Family, the model and basis of state organization, 75
Festivals, rural, 22-41; Eleusinian Mysteries originally an autumn festival, 42, 49; of cities, 87, 89, 92, 97 ff.; women's part in, 96; the panegyreis, 97-101
First fruits, offering of, 27 ff.
Fleece, 7
Flowers, festival of, 33 f., 35; crown of, 40
Folklore, connection with religion, 40, 72, 110
Food of Greeks, 22, 32
Foreigners and strangers, 58, 73, 77
Foreign gods brought into Greece, 90, 91 ff.
Foretelling of the future, 123 ff.; "see also" Oracles and Seers
Frazer, Sir James, 3
\"Frogs, The", 118; quoted, 58
Fruits, as food, 22, 32; festivals and offerings, 27 ff., 30, 36
Furtwngler, A., 62
Future, foretelling of the, 123 ff.; "see also" Oracles and Seers
Games, the great, 97-101
Ge, 62
Generations, eternity of life through, 60, 63
Genetyllis, 96
Ghosts, heroes as, 18, 112; lamia and other specters, 91; goddess of, 111; "see also" Heroes
Goatlike daemons, 10, 12, 13
\"God, the," 46, 47, 48
\"Goddess, the," 46, 47, 48
Gods, "see" Great gods; "also under name", e.g., Apollo; Demeter
Golden Fleece, 7
Goldsmiths, 88, 89
Good Daemon, 70, 73
p. 162
Gorgias, 99
Gospel of St. John, excerpt, 59
Great Dionysia, 36, 86
Great gods, outlived by minor deities, 16, 18, 21, 41; religion in cities, 85 ff.; as state gods became remote from men, 87, 121
Great Mother, 91, 92, 112
Hades, 9, 59, 115, 116, 119
Haloa, festival, 32-33
Harrison, Jane, 3, 74
Harvest festivals, 26 ff.
Healers of disease, 20, 93 f., 95, 112, 113
Hearth, sanctity of, 72 f., 75 ff.; role in public cult, 75
Hecate, 80, Iii, 112, 115; origin, cult, 90 f.; devotion of women to, 97
Hell, beliefs concerning, 118-20
Hephaistos, 89, 135
Heracles, 60, 78; difference between Theseus and, 57
Heraclitus, 135
Herkeios, epithet of Zeus, 66-67, 78, 82, 83
Hermes, 8, 91 10, 21, 53, 61, 62, 115
Herms, 8, 9, 18; trials for smashing of, 94, 122
Herodotus 72, 73, 81, 85, 109; biography of Homer attributed to, 37i 88; oracles and presages related by, 124, 128, 129
Heroes, nature of, functions, 18 If., 21; ghost stories about, 18, 112; tombs and sanctuaries, 19; similarity to saints, 20; in Eleusinian religion, 47, 60; as gods of healing, 93
Hesiod, cited, 10, 35, 51, 65, 74, 85, 108, 110; references to Demeter, 24; ideal of peace and justice, 57; rules for religious life and conduct of man, 104 ff.; origin, 104; "Theogony", 90; "Works and Days", 104 ff.
Hestia, 72, 73, 76; position and importance of, 75
Hierocles, 133
Hieron, skyphos by, 56 n
Hippocrates, "De morbo sacro", 111 f., 113
Holy disease, 111 f.
Homer, cited, 12, 15, 19, 21, 24, 26, 35, 51, 59, 65, 66, 78, 88, 89, 93, 110, 116, 117, 135; biography of, attributed to Herodotus, 37, 88; sanctuaries described by, 81, 86; called creator of the gods, 85
\"Homeric Hymn to Demeter", 51, 56, 90; references to the Eleusinian cult, 43, 45, 58; myth of the rape of Demeter's daughter, 48, 49
\"Homeric Hymn to Hermes", 9, 10, 65
Horse-shaped daemons, 11-13
House and family cults, 65-83
Houses, described, 65 f.; hearth, 72
Hrozn, B., 79
Human sacrifice, 6, 18, 113
Hunting, goddess of, 15
Hybris, conception of, 108 f.
Hyperborean virgins, 38
Hysteria, religious, 94, 122
Iacchos, 47, 54, 62
Iasion, 51, 62
Icarius, 33
Immortality, beliefs concerning, 60, 63, 64, 116
Impiety, trials for, 94, 122, 133, 137
Imprecations on leaden tablets, 114 f.
Initiation rites, Eleusinian, 45, 49
Isocrates, 56
Isthmia, games, 98
Jugs, Festival of the, 33-34
Jupiter, 70; "see also" Zeus
Justice, problem of, 77, 108 f.; retributive, 117
Kalamaia, festival, 26
Kallias, cited, 56
Karneia, festival, 35; armistice during, 99
Kataibates, epithet of Zeus, 67
\"Katharmoi", 99
Kephisodotos, statue of "Peace" by, 61, 62
Kernos, 31
Kipling, Rudyard, quoted, 71
\"Knights, The", 132
Kolias, 96
Kollyba, 31
p. 163
Kore, Corn Maiden, 24, 32; as Eleusinian goddess, 46 ff.; myth of rape by Plouton, 48 ff.; aspects referring to life and to death, 53; reunion with Corn Mother, 54; "see also" Persephone
Kotyto, 93
Ktesios, epithet of Zeus, 67-69, 78
Kykeon, 45, 49, 50
Lakrateides, 48
Lamia, 91
Lampon, 133, 134
Lang, Andrew, 3
Laurel branch, 39
Leagues for protection of sanctuaries, 98
Legalism, 103 ff.
Life, ideas of, evoked by Eleusinian Mysteries, 59, 63
Lightning, god of, 67
Loaf offered as first fruit, 27, 28
Lovatelli, Countess, 49
Lunar month, 106
Lying in the mud, 116, 118, 120
Lysimachides, relief by, 46
Magic, weather, 6, 7; fertility, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34, 49; purificatory, 27-28; as cure for diseases, 112; Plato's attitude toward, 113; widespread belief in, 115; "see also" Witchcraft and sorcery
Magna Mater, "see" Great Mother
Marathonian tetrapolis, calendar, 19
Masks, votive, 16
Masses, fate of religion determined by, 4
\"Mater dolorosa", Greek (Demeter), 54
Maximus of Tyre, 23
May bough, 29, 36; customs, 37, 39 f.; symbolism, 38
Meals, sanctity of, 73 f.
Meat, 22
Megaron, described, 66; hearth, 72
Meilichios, epithet of Zeus, 69-70
Melanaigis, epithet of Dionysus, 36
Menander, 68
Miraculous healings, 95
Modern and ancient customs, 23, 26, 37, 38, 41, 71, 72, 100, 110
Oracles and seers, 123-38; military dependence upon, 125, 130; questions to, 125; political role, 127, 130; collections of oracles, 129; critics of, 129, 130; causes that undermined belief in, 136 f.
Orestes, 18, 19, 113
Orgeones, 82
Orgiastic cults, 93, 95, 97
Orphism, 103, 116, 117, 119, 128
Oschophoria, festival, 25, 34, 35
Otto, W. F., 4
Pan, 10, 13, 14, 17, 96
Panagia Euangelistria, 95
Panegyreis, 97-101; religious significance, 97, 100; sanctuaries, 98; importance, national and cultural, 99
\"Panegyricus", 56
Pankarpia, 30, 68
Panspermia, 30 f., 68
Pasios, epithet of Zeus, 67
Pastoral life and religion, 5-21, 22-41
Pausanias, cited, 56, 99
p. 164
\"Peace, The", 92
Peasants, customs and religion, 5 ff., 22 ff.
Persephone, 47, 48, 53, 61; varying forms of name, 53; two aspects referring to life and to death, 53; "see also" Kore
Peterich, E., 4
Phallus, 36
Pharmakos, 27, 28
Pherephatta, 53
Philologists, research by, 3
Philosophy, natural, 134-138
Phoenix of Colophon, 38
Phratries, 82
Piety, expression of, by Greeks and moderns, 73, 76
Pindar, cited, 59, 92
Pisistratus, 36, 86, 128
Pitza, cave at, 14
Plato, religious importance, 4; attitude toward magic and magicians, 113 f.; influence of accounts of the other world, 119; "Republic", 118
Plautus, "Mostellaria", 113
Plouton, 47, 48, 51, 52, 61, 62; myth of the rape of Demeter's daughter by, 48 ff.
Ploutos, 51, 61, 62
Plutarch, 36, 42, 97, 126, 131, 134 Politics, "see" State
Polycrates, 109
Polygnotus, picture at Delphi by, 116, 117
Pompeian frescoes, 17
Poseidon, 11, 18, 21, 81, 88, 112
Potters and their deities, 87-90
Poverty and social distress, age of, 84, 102
Prayer, in words and in acts, 73
Presages, belief in, 123 ff.; "see also" Oracles and Seers
Priestesses, 96, 97 "n"
Priesthood, 46, 80 f.
Primitive religion, 3, 5
Prodicus, 135
Profane and sacred intermingled, 40, 76, 100
Protagoras, 122, 135
Prudentius, 60
Psychosabbaton, the, 31
Punishment in the other world, 114-20
Purification a complement of legalism, 104
Purificatory rites, 27 f.
Pyanopsia, festival, 29, 36
Pythia, games, 98
Rain, prayer for, 6, 7
Relics, of saints and heroes, 20
Religion, modern investigations, 3 ff.; primitive elements, 3, 5; systematization, 4; popular, the most long-lived, 16, 18, 21, 32, 41, 139; Christian and Greek forms, 20, 31, 73, 75, 76, 100; connection with folk-lore, 40, 72, 110; sacred and secular intermingled, 40, 76, 100; Eleusinian Mysteries the finest bloom of Greek popular, 42; power and persistence of the most venerable, 63; ancient and modern expressions of piety compared, 73, 76; social aspect, 80 ff., 101; unity of state and, 80, 86, 123, 137; criticism by Sophists and others, 94, 122, 133, 135 f.; trials for impiety, 94, 122, 133, 137; emotional, of women, 95-97; age in which new movements originated, 102; two main streams of contrasting ideas, 103; encounters political life and the new enlightenment, 121 ff.; clash with natural philosophy, 134-138; dependence on, and change with, conditions of life, 138
\"Republic", 118
Retributive justice, 117
Ritualism, 105, 107; \"see also" Legalism
Rivers, gods and spirits, 10 f.
Rohde, Erwin, 103
Rural, life and religion, 5-21; sanctuaries, 14, 18, 81, 86; customs and festivals, 22-41
Rustic Dionysia, 36
Sabazios, a form of Dionysus, 93, 96, 110, 121
Sacred and profane intermingled, 40, 76, 100
Sacrifice, animal, 87; meaning and origin, 74 f.
Sacrifice, human, 6, 18, 113
Saints, similarity of heroes to, 20
Salaminioi, inscription of, 19
p. 165
Sanctity, inherent in the place, 76
Sanctuaries, rustic, 14, 18, 81, 86; the temples, 46, 80, 81, 85f., 87; of panegyreis, 98
Satyrs, 12, 13
Sea, deities, 11, 14, 92
Secular and sacred intermingled, 40, 76, 100
Seers and oracles, 123-38; \"see also" Oracles and Seers
Snake, in house cult, 67-72; gods in guise of or represented by, 67-72; souls of dead represented by, 71; Minoan snake-goddess, 71; in cult of Athena, 72
Social aspect of religion, 80 ff., 101 Social distress and poverty, 84, 102 Social justice, problem of, 77, 108 f.
Women, religion of, 14, 15, 95-97; festivals of Demeter celebrated by, 25; subordinate position of, 96
\"Works and Days", 104
Writers, expression of religious thought, 3 f.
Xenophanes, 135
Xenophon, 79, 110; belief in oracles and presages, 123 f., 126, 127
Zeus, 24, 32, 50, 57, 82, 86, 89, 104, 105, 107; as weather god, 6-8, 21, 67, 136; as god of house and family, 66 ff.; epithets of, 66 ff., 83; in guise of snake, 67, 68, 69, 71 f.; the Dioscuri sons of, 68, 72; as father, 70, 77; as protector, 77 f., 108; change in status of, 78