Appendix. Table Of Pronunciati
p. 447
Table Of Pronunciation For The More Difficult Words
A. Stress is of four kinds, and marked here:
(1) - (weak stress).
(2) : (medium).
(3) ' (strong).
(4) ; (emphatic).
B. Cymric words of more than one syllable have the stress regularly on the antepenult (although there are some words with the stress on the last; and the negative prefix "an" often takes full stress).
Cymric wy = ui; = th in English "th"en; ll () = a broad buzzed l, "i.e." like the French l unvoiced, sounds like "hl", and is unilateral (right side) with the tongue in the "i" position. The thorn letter = voiceless sound as in English wi"th".
C. Nasality of vowels marked with ( ) next to the vowel.
Interdental (ṭ, ḍ, ḷ, ṇ) marked with dot underneath.
l mouill, "i.e." palatal, marked.
n palatal marked (cf. Colo"gn"e).
= open "e"; e = close e; = o open; o = o close.
r = thin "r" ("i.e." r after e, i).
= the mid-front narrow round (close); cf. German.
= mid-mixed indefinite sound at end of unstressed syllables, often alternating with mid-back (close) vowel a, which is the sound of u in Gaelic ag"u"s; the "a" has the sound of "a" in f"a"ther, but it occurs both long and short. Doubling of vowels indicates length. a is a more obscure sound.
= high-mixed open "i"; = high-front open "i"; i itself is in Gaelic a high-front narrow, "i.e." close sound.
For basis cf. H. Sweet's "Phonetics".
approximately like "dg" in English judge.
(\"tch"), the voiceless sound of preceding.
pb is to indicate the peculiar quality of Gaelic initial "b", which begins voiceless and ends voiced.
h stands for breath-glide, on or off, according as it precedes or follows the consonant concerned.
like ch in standard pronunciation of German i"ch", "I". It is the forward palatal position of the guttural "ch", here marked "x". It is in Gaelic associated with thin or clear vowels ("i.e." e, i).
c = forward palatal position of "k".
p. 448
= voiced form of the voiceless x: it is ordinarily written "gh", while the voiceless sound is written "ch" in the ordinary script. In the later form of Mag (a plain) it passes into "gh", "i.e." Ma"gh", and is often but feebly felt, in which cases it is Moy in place names, c.f. Moylena.
Aberffraw (-b'r-fru).
Abergeleu ('bar'gl-).
Achill ('-l).
Achren ('xrn).
Adamnan ('dam-nan).
Aebh ('eev).
Aed ('eeṭ).
Aedh ('ee). In Scotland "y", e.g. y M'y = Hugh Mackay.
Aeife (eeif-).
Aerfon ('airvon).
Aes Sdhe ('ees '-h).
Ailbhe ('v-).
Ailech ('-x).
Ailill ('-).
Ailinn ('-).
Ailioll (-jḷ).
Aine ('aa-).
Airceltrai ('eṛ'klṭrai).
Airem, Eochaid ('r-em, ox-a).
Airmid ('ir-m).
Alaw ('l-au).
Alba (aḷ-pa).
Allobroges (-al' l-brog-s).
Amaethon (-m'a-on).
Amergin, G. Amorgin, Amorgene ('mor-gn).
Amlwch ('m-lux).
Ana ('ṇa).
Aneurin (-'no-rn).
Annwn ('n'nuun).
Aoibhinn ('ov-).
Aoife ('of-).
Aranon (r'n-on).
Arawn ('r'un).
Ardan ('rṭ-n).
Ard Chein (-aarṭ 'ee).
Arddu ('r).
Argetlm ('rc-ṭ'lhv).
Arianrod (ri'n-rod).
Armagh (-r'mh), from Ard Macha (-rḍ'mx), "i.e." Altitudo Machae, Macha's Height.
Arran ('rr-n).
Art (rsṭ).
Arthur ('r-r).
Artur ('rst-ar).
Avallach (v'-x).
Aynia "v". Aine.
Badb (pbv).
Badon ('bd-on).
Baile (pbi-l).
Bala ('bl-).
Balin ('bl-n).
Ballymagauran (-pbl-m'gur-n).
Ballymote (G. Baile an mhta, -pbl-n ;vooṭ-).
Ballysadare (G. Baile-easa-Dara, -pbl-esa ;ḍhr).
Balor ('pbḷ-r).
Banba ('pbn-v).
Baoisgne ('pbc-).
Beltaine ('pbjauḷḷ-ṭ).
Bettws-y-coed 1.(:betus'kooyd), 2. (-bts-'kid).
Beuno ('boi-n).
Bil ('pbil-).
Blathnat ('pbḷ-nṭ).
Blodeuwedd ('bld-oi;u-e).
Boann ('pboo-aṇ).
Bodb (pbv).
Borrach ('pbrr-x).
Branwen (:brn'u-en).
Brea (pbree).
Brian ('pbṛ-n).
Brigit ('pbr-).
Bri Leith (-pbr 'lhh).
Buarainech ('pbuuar-ax).
Bwbachod (-bu'bx-od).
Caemhoc (-kv'k).
Camulodunum (kmulo'duun-am).
Caswallawn (-ks'uhl-aun).
Cian (kiin).
Ciaran (kiiarn).
Cichol ('kixl).
Clann Chattan (kln 'xtt-n).
Clann Neamhuinn (kln 'vi).
Clontarf (kln'tarf).
Coblynau (-kb'lyn-i).
Conchobar ('kna-xar).
Conlaoch ('koo-ḷx).
Connaught ('kn-ht).
Connla ('koo-ḷa).
Cruind (kruui).
Cualgne ('kuua-).
Cuchulainn (-ku'xuḷ-i).
Culann ('kuḷ-aṇ).
Cumhal ('kuh-l).
Curoi (-ku'ri).
Custennin (kust'nin).
Cwm Cawlwyd (-kum 'kaul-ui).
Cwy (kui).
Daire (ḍhai-r).
Dechtire ('e-ṛ).
D Danann (e 'ḍn-aṇ).
Deimne ('em-).
p. 449
Deirdre ('eṛ-ḍṛ).
Devwy ('dv-ui).
Diancecht ('ian;cjexṭ).
Diarmait O'Duibhne ('iiar-mi-'ḍhui-).
Dinas Dinllev ('diins 'dn-hlv).
Dinas Emrys ('diins 'm-rs).
Dingwall ('ding-wl).
Dinn-senchus ('ij;hn-xs).
Diwrnach ('urn-x).
Dobhar ('ḍov-r).
Domnann ('ḍom-nṇṇ).
Dundalk (-dun-dɒk).
Dundealgan (ḍuun-jalg-n).
Eriu ('eeṛ-iu).
Essyllt (-ss'hlt).
Etain ('et-).
Evnissyen (-ev'n'ss-jen).
Ferdiad (-fṛ'ii).
Ffordd Elen ('fr 'l-n).
Fionnbharr ('fjṇṇ-vrr).
Gabhra ('gu-r).
Gaillion, Fir ('ga-i-on, fṛ).
Govannon (-gov'nn-on).
Gwalchaved (-gul'xav-e).
Gwalchmei ('gulx-mei).
Gwarthegid (-gur'g-i).
Gwawl 1. ('guaul), 2. ('gwaul).
Gwlgawd Gododin (gul'gau-gd'd-n).
Gwragedd Annwn (-gur'g-e -n'nuun).
Gwrhyr ('gur'hr).
Gwyngelli (gun'gl-l).
Gwynhwyvar (-gun'hu:var).
Hi Dorchaide (hi 'ḍrx--).
Hy Breasail (hi 'bree-sal).
Iddawc ('i-auk).
Inniskea ('i-sh-cjee).
Iolo Morganwg (:i'l -mr'gn-ug).
Iseult (-'slt).
Iuchar ('u-xr).
Iweridd (-u'ṛ-).
Killarney (-ci'ṛ).
Knockainy (-krohk').
Kulhwch ('kl'huch).
Laeg (ḷk).
Laegaire ('ḷk-ṛ).
Ler ('ṛ).
Levarcham ('evr-xm).
Lia Fil ('iia 'fl).
Lismore (-s'moor).
Llevelys (-hlev'l-s).
Lloegyr ('hloigr).
Lludd (hl).
Llyr (hlr).
Lochlann ('ḷx-ḷaṇṇ).
Mabinogion (mb-n'g--n).
Mac Cecht (-mhk'cjxṭ).
Mac Cuill (-mhk 'chuu).
Mac Grine (-mhk'crhee-).
Mac Kineely (-mhk :ch'eel-i).
Mac Moineanta (-mhk 'mn-nt-).
Mac Nia (-mhk 'a).
Mac Oc (-mhk 'k).
Mac Samthainn (-mhk 'sv-h).
Macha (mx-).
Maelmuiri (-ml' mur-i).
Maenor Alun ('mi-nr -l-n).
Maen Tyriawc (:min tr'-auk).
Manawyddan (mn-u'y-n).
March ('mrx).
Matholwch (-m'l-ux).
Mathonwy (-m'on-u).
Meadha ('mh-a).
Medb ('mv).
Melwas (:ml;u-s).
Menw (mnu).
Mesgegra (-ms'gg-ra).
Miach ('mii-x).
Mider ('m-r).
Mile ('m-l).
Mochdrev ('mx-drv).
Mochnant ('mx-nnt).
Morrgu ('mr-riig-u).
Moytura (:moi'thuur-).
Muirthemne (:mur;hm-).
Myrddin ('mr-n).
Nant y Llew (:nnt - 'hloi).
Neevougi (-neev'k-).
Niamh (iiv).
Nos galan ga (-ns -gl-n 'g-f).
Nwyvre ('nuv-r).
Nynniaw (:nn'-u).
Oeth, Anoeth ('i, 'n:i).
Ossian ('-an) (Irish, 'n).
Pryderi (-pr'd-r).
Prydwen ('prd-wn).
Pwyll ('pui-).
Queen Guinevere (-kgn-'veer).
Rhiannon (-hr'n-non).
Rhyd y Groes (hri - 'gris).
p. 450
Sadb (sv).
Samhain ('sav-).
Scathach ('skh-x).
Scene ('scjee-ne).
Senchan Torpeist ('en-xn 'thr-peet).
Sen Mag (en ma).
Sgeolan ('skj-ln).
Sdh (ih).
Sinann ('n-ṇ).
Tailtiu ('ṭl-u).
Tin B Chuailgn ('ṭhaa pbo 'xualc-).
Taliesin (-tl-i'ss-n).
Tallacht ('ṭhaḷ-axṭ).
Tathlum ('ṭhḷ-m).
Taw ('tau-e).
Teirnyon Twryf Vliant (-teir'n-on 'tur-f 'vl-ant).
Tethra ('-r).
Tigemmas ('h-rn-ms).
Tighernach ('h-rn-x).
Tir nam beo ('r -nm -be).
Tir nan og ('r -nan 'k).
Tir Tairngire ('r 'ṭhir-cr).
Tuatha D Danann ('ṭhuuah-a :e ;dn-ṇ).
Twr Branwen (:tuur 'brn-wn).
Twrch Trwyth (:turx 'tru).
Tylwyth Teg (:tl-u 'tg).
Uisnech ('u-x).
Unsenn ('un-eṇ).
Urddawl Ben ('ur-aul 'bn).
Wydyr ('u-r).
Yspaddaden Penkawr (sp-'d-n 'pn-kaur).
Table Of Pronunciation For The More Difficult Words
A. Stress is of four kinds, and marked here:
(1) - (weak stress).
(2) : (medium).
(3) ' (strong).
(4) ; (emphatic).
B. Cymric words of more than one syllable have the stress regularly on the antepenult (although there are some words with the stress on the last; and the negative prefix "an" often takes full stress).
Cymric wy = ui; = th in English "th"en; ll () = a broad buzzed l, "i.e." like the French l unvoiced, sounds like "hl", and is unilateral (right side) with the tongue in the "i" position. The thorn letter = voiceless sound as in English wi"th".
C. Nasality of vowels marked with ( ) next to the vowel.
Interdental (ṭ, ḍ, ḷ, ṇ) marked with dot underneath.
l mouill, "i.e." palatal, marked.
n palatal marked (cf. Colo"gn"e).
= open "e"; e = close e; = o open; o = o close.
r = thin "r" ("i.e." r after e, i).
= the mid-front narrow round (close); cf. German.
= mid-mixed indefinite sound at end of unstressed syllables, often alternating with mid-back (close) vowel a, which is the sound of u in Gaelic ag"u"s; the "a" has the sound of "a" in f"a"ther, but it occurs both long and short. Doubling of vowels indicates length. a is a more obscure sound.
= high-mixed open "i"; = high-front open "i"; i itself is in Gaelic a high-front narrow, "i.e." close sound.
For basis cf. H. Sweet's "Phonetics".
approximately like "dg" in English judge.
(\"tch"), the voiceless sound of preceding.
pb is to indicate the peculiar quality of Gaelic initial "b", which begins voiceless and ends voiced.
h stands for breath-glide, on or off, according as it precedes or follows the consonant concerned.
like ch in standard pronunciation of German i"ch", "I". It is the forward palatal position of the guttural "ch", here marked "x". It is in Gaelic associated with thin or clear vowels ("i.e." e, i).
c = forward palatal position of "k".
p. 448
= voiced form of the voiceless x: it is ordinarily written "gh", while the voiceless sound is written "ch" in the ordinary script. In the later form of Mag (a plain) it passes into "gh", "i.e." Ma"gh", and is often but feebly felt, in which cases it is Moy in place names, c.f. Moylena.
Aberffraw (-b'r-fru).
Abergeleu ('bar'gl-).
Achill ('-l).
Achren ('xrn).
Adamnan ('dam-nan).
Aebh ('eev).
Aed ('eeṭ).
Aedh ('ee). In Scotland "y", e.g. y M'y = Hugh Mackay.
Aeife (eeif-).
Aerfon ('airvon).
Aes Sdhe ('ees '-h).
Ailbhe ('v-).
Ailech ('-x).
Ailill ('-).
Ailinn ('-).
Ailioll (-jḷ).
Aine ('aa-).
Airceltrai ('eṛ'klṭrai).
Airem, Eochaid ('r-em, ox-a).
Airmid ('ir-m).
Alaw ('l-au).
Alba (aḷ-pa).
Allobroges (-al' l-brog-s).
Amaethon (-m'a-on).
Amergin, G. Amorgin, Amorgene ('mor-gn).
Amlwch ('m-lux).
Ana ('ṇa).
Aneurin (-'no-rn).
Annwn ('n'nuun).
Aoibhinn ('ov-).
Aoife ('of-).
Aranon (r'n-on).
Arawn ('r'un).
Ardan ('rṭ-n).
Ard Chein (-aarṭ 'ee).
Arddu ('r).
Argetlm ('rc-ṭ'lhv).
Arianrod (ri'n-rod).
Armagh (-r'mh), from Ard Macha (-rḍ'mx), "i.e." Altitudo Machae, Macha's Height.
Arran ('rr-n).
Art (rsṭ).
Arthur ('r-r).
Artur ('rst-ar).
Avallach (v'-x).
Aynia "v". Aine.
Badb (pbv).
Badon ('bd-on).
Baile (pbi-l).
Bala ('bl-).
Balin ('bl-n).
Ballymagauran (-pbl-m'gur-n).
Ballymote (G. Baile an mhta, -pbl-n ;vooṭ-).
Ballysadare (G. Baile-easa-Dara, -pbl-esa ;ḍhr).
Balor ('pbḷ-r).
Banba ('pbn-v).
Baoisgne ('pbc-).
Beltaine ('pbjauḷḷ-ṭ).
Bettws-y-coed 1.(:betus'kooyd), 2. (-bts-'kid).
Beuno ('boi-n).
Bil ('pbil-).
Blathnat ('pbḷ-nṭ).
Blodeuwedd ('bld-oi;u-e).
Boann ('pboo-aṇ).
Bodb (pbv).
Borrach ('pbrr-x).
Branwen (:brn'u-en).
Brea (pbree).
Brian ('pbṛ-n).
Brigit ('pbr-).
Bri Leith (-pbr 'lhh).
Buarainech ('pbuuar-ax).
Bwbachod (-bu'bx-od).
Caemhoc (-kv'k).
Camulodunum (kmulo'duun-am).
Caswallawn (-ks'uhl-aun).
Cian (kiin).
Ciaran (kiiarn).
Cichol ('kixl).
Clann Chattan (kln 'xtt-n).
Clann Neamhuinn (kln 'vi).
Clontarf (kln'tarf).
Coblynau (-kb'lyn-i).
Conchobar ('kna-xar).
Conlaoch ('koo-ḷx).
Connaught ('kn-ht).
Connla ('koo-ḷa).
Cruind (kruui).
Cualgne ('kuua-).
Cuchulainn (-ku'xuḷ-i).
Culann ('kuḷ-aṇ).
Cumhal ('kuh-l).
Curoi (-ku'ri).
Custennin (kust'nin).
Cwm Cawlwyd (-kum 'kaul-ui).
Cwy (kui).
Daire (ḍhai-r).
Dechtire ('e-ṛ).
D Danann (e 'ḍn-aṇ).
Deimne ('em-).
p. 449
Deirdre ('eṛ-ḍṛ).
Devwy ('dv-ui).
Diancecht ('ian;cjexṭ).
Diarmait O'Duibhne ('iiar-mi-'ḍhui-).
Dinas Dinllev ('diins 'dn-hlv).
Dinas Emrys ('diins 'm-rs).
Dingwall ('ding-wl).
Dinn-senchus ('ij;hn-xs).
Diwrnach ('urn-x).
Dobhar ('ḍov-r).
Domnann ('ḍom-nṇṇ).
Dundalk (-dun-dɒk).
Dundealgan (ḍuun-jalg-n).
Eriu ('eeṛ-iu).
Essyllt (-ss'hlt).
Etain ('et-).
Evnissyen (-ev'n'ss-jen).
Ferdiad (-fṛ'ii).
Ffordd Elen ('fr 'l-n).
Fionnbharr ('fjṇṇ-vrr).
Gabhra ('gu-r).
Gaillion, Fir ('ga-i-on, fṛ).
Govannon (-gov'nn-on).
Gwalchaved (-gul'xav-e).
Gwalchmei ('gulx-mei).
Gwarthegid (-gur'g-i).
Gwawl 1. ('guaul), 2. ('gwaul).
Gwlgawd Gododin (gul'gau-gd'd-n).
Gwragedd Annwn (-gur'g-e -n'nuun).
Gwrhyr ('gur'hr).
Gwyngelli (gun'gl-l).
Gwynhwyvar (-gun'hu:var).
Hi Dorchaide (hi 'ḍrx--).
Hy Breasail (hi 'bree-sal).
Iddawc ('i-auk).
Inniskea ('i-sh-cjee).
Iolo Morganwg (:i'l -mr'gn-ug).
Iseult (-'slt).
Iuchar ('u-xr).
Iweridd (-u'ṛ-).
Killarney (-ci'ṛ).
Knockainy (-krohk').
Kulhwch ('kl'huch).
Laeg (ḷk).
Laegaire ('ḷk-ṛ).
Ler ('ṛ).
Levarcham ('evr-xm).
Lia Fil ('iia 'fl).
Lismore (-s'moor).
Llevelys (-hlev'l-s).
Lloegyr ('hloigr).
Lludd (hl).
Llyr (hlr).
Lochlann ('ḷx-ḷaṇṇ).
Mabinogion (mb-n'g--n).
Mac Cecht (-mhk'cjxṭ).
Mac Cuill (-mhk 'chuu).
Mac Grine (-mhk'crhee-).
Mac Kineely (-mhk :ch'eel-i).
Mac Moineanta (-mhk 'mn-nt-).
Mac Nia (-mhk 'a).
Mac Oc (-mhk 'k).
Mac Samthainn (-mhk 'sv-h).
Macha (mx-).
Maelmuiri (-ml' mur-i).
Maenor Alun ('mi-nr -l-n).
Maen Tyriawc (:min tr'-auk).
Manawyddan (mn-u'y-n).
March ('mrx).
Matholwch (-m'l-ux).
Mathonwy (-m'on-u).
Meadha ('mh-a).
Medb ('mv).
Melwas (:ml;u-s).
Menw (mnu).
Mesgegra (-ms'gg-ra).
Miach ('mii-x).
Mider ('m-r).
Mile ('m-l).
Mochdrev ('mx-drv).
Mochnant ('mx-nnt).
Morrgu ('mr-riig-u).
Moytura (:moi'thuur-).
Muirthemne (:mur;hm-).
Myrddin ('mr-n).
Nant y Llew (:nnt - 'hloi).
Neevougi (-neev'k-).
Niamh (iiv).
Nos galan ga (-ns -gl-n 'g-f).
Nwyvre ('nuv-r).
Nynniaw (:nn'-u).
Oeth, Anoeth ('i, 'n:i).
Ossian ('-an) (Irish, 'n).
Pryderi (-pr'd-r).
Prydwen ('prd-wn).
Pwyll ('pui-).
Queen Guinevere (-kgn-'veer).
Rhiannon (-hr'n-non).
Rhyd y Groes (hri - 'gris).
p. 450
Sadb (sv).
Samhain ('sav-).
Scathach ('skh-x).
Scene ('scjee-ne).
Senchan Torpeist ('en-xn 'thr-peet).
Sen Mag (en ma).
Sgeolan ('skj-ln).
Sdh (ih).
Sinann ('n-ṇ).
Tailtiu ('ṭl-u).
Tin B Chuailgn ('ṭhaa pbo 'xualc-).
Taliesin (-tl-i'ss-n).
Tallacht ('ṭhaḷ-axṭ).
Tathlum ('ṭhḷ-m).
Taw ('tau-e).
Teirnyon Twryf Vliant (-teir'n-on 'tur-f 'vl-ant).
Tethra ('-r).
Tigemmas ('h-rn-ms).
Tighernach ('h-rn-x).
Tir nam beo ('r -nm -be).
Tir nan og ('r -nan 'k).
Tir Tairngire ('r 'ṭhir-cr).
Tuatha D Danann ('ṭhuuah-a :e ;dn-ṇ).
Twr Branwen (:tuur 'brn-wn).
Twrch Trwyth (:turx 'tru).
Tylwyth Teg (:tl-u 'tg).
Uisnech ('u-x).
Unsenn ('un-eṇ).
Urddawl Ben ('ur-aul 'bn).
Wydyr ('u-r).
Yspaddaden Penkawr (sp-'d-n 'pn-kaur).
